{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T14:09:51Z","timestamp":1780927791297,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy at the Autonomous University of Nuevo Le\u00f3n"},{"name":"PAICYT UANL 2019","award":["CT696-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CT696-19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Opuntia ficus-indica L. is a prominent crop in Mexico, requiring advanced non-destructive technologies for the real-time monitoring and quality control of fresh commercial cladodes. The primary research objective of this study was to develop and validate high-precision mathematical models that correlate hyperspectral signatures (400\u20131000 nm) with the specific nutritional, morphological, and antioxidant attributes of fresh cladodes (cultivar Villanueva) at their peak commercial maturity. By combining hyperspectral imaging (HSI) with machine learning algorithms, including K-Means clustering for image preprocessing and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) for predictive modeling, this study successfully predicted the concentrations of 10 minerals (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, B, Mn, Zn, and Cu), chlorophylls (a, b, and Total), and antioxidant capacities (ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH). The innovative nature of this work lies in the simultaneous non-destructive quantification of 17 distinct variables from a single scan, achieving coefficients of determination (R2) as high as 0.988 for Phosphorus and Chlorophyll b. The practical applicability of this research provides a viable replacement for time-consuming and destructive laboratory acid digestion, enabling producers to implement automated, high-throughput sorting lines for quality assurance. Furthermore, this study establishes a framework for interdisciplinary collaborations between agricultural engineers, data scientists for algorithm optimization, and food scientists to enhance the functional value chain of Opuntia products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging12020067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T16:30:47Z","timestamp":1770309047000},"page":"67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Predicting Nutritional and Morphological Attributes of Fresh Commercial Opuntia Cladodes Using Machine Learning and Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Arredondo Valdez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Faculty of Agronomy, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Francisco Villa S\/N, Ex-Hacienda El Canad\u00e1, General Escobedo CP 66050, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8314-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josu\u00e9 Israel","family":"Garc\u00eda L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Breeding, Antonio Narro Autonomous Agrarian University, Calzada Antonio Narro 1923, Buenavista, Saltillo CP 25315, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Flores Breceda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Faculty of Agronomy, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Francisco Villa S\/N, Ex-Hacienda El Canad\u00e1, General Escobedo CP 66050, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1502-3048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo David","family":"Valdez Cepeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center-North Regional University Center, Autonomous University of Chapingo, Calle Cruz del Sur 100, Col. Constelaci\u00f3n, Zacatecas CP 98085, Zacatecas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9528-3052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro Isabel","family":"Luna Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Faculty of Agronomy, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Francisco Villa S\/N, Ex-Hacienda El Canad\u00e1, General Escobedo CP 66050, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nefzaoui, A., and Salem, H.B. (2001). Opuntia: A strategic fodder and efficient tool to combat desertification in the WANA (West Asia\/North Africa) region. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper (FAO), FAO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jorge, A.O., Costa, A.S., and Oliveira, M.B.P. (2023). 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