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Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The demand for accurate representation of gloss perception, which significantly contributes to the impression and evaluation of objects, is increasing owing to recent advancements in display technology enabling high-definition visual reproduction. This study experimentally analyzes the influence of display pixel structure on gloss perception. In a visual evaluation experiment using natural images, gloss perception was assessed across six types of stimuli: three subpixel arrays (RGB, RGBW, and PenTile RGBG) combined with two pixel\u2013aperture ratios (100% and 50%). The experimental results statistically confirmed that regardless of pixel\u2013aperture ratio, the RGB subpixel array was perceived as exhibiting the strongest gloss. Furthermore, cluster analysis of observers revealed individual differences in the effect of pixel structure on gloss perception. Additionally, gloss classification and image feature analysis suggested that the magnitude of pixel structure influence varies depending on the frequency components contained in the images. Moreover, analysis using a generalized linear mixed model supported the superiority of the RGB subpixel array even when accounting for variability across observers and natural images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging12020071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T14:05:15Z","timestamp":1770645915000},"page":"71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Relationship Between Display Pixel Structure and Gloss Perception"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kosei","family":"Aketagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4651-4942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Midori","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8197-6499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiko","family":"Horiuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2014.10.026","article-title":"The perception of gloss: A review","volume":"109","author":"Chadwick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vis. 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