{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T02:57:03Z","timestamp":1794279423747,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21H04600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21H04600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24H00370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24H00370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Segment Anything Model (SAM)-based few-shot segmentation models traditionally rely solely on annotated reference images as prompts, which inherently limits their accuracy due to an over-reliance on visual cues and a lack of semantic context. This reliance leads to incorrect segmentation, where visually similar objects from different categories are incorrectly identified as the target object. We propose Vision and Language Reference Prompt into SAM (VLP-SAM), a novel few-shot segmentation model that integrates both visual information of reference images and semantic information of text labels into SAM. VLP-SAM introduces a vision-language model (VLM) with pixel\u2013text matching into the prompt encoder for SAM, effectively leveraging textual semantic consistency while preserving SAM\u2019s extensive segmentation knowledge. By incorporating task-specific structures such as an attention mask, our model achieves superior few-shot segmentation performance with only 1.4 M learnable parameters. Evaluations on PASCAL-5i and COCO-20i datasets demonstrate that VLP-SAM significantly outperforms previous methods by 6.8% and 9.3% in mIoU, respectively. Furthermore, VLP-SAM exhibits strong generalization across unseen objects and cross-domain scenarios, highlighting the robustness provided by textual semantic guidance. This study offers an effective and scalable framework for few-shot segmentation with multimodal prompts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging12040143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T09:11:14Z","timestamp":1774429874000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Vision and Language Reference for a Segment Anything Model for Few-Shot Segmentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4538-9514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosuke","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4841-1824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryotaro","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Data Science, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1929-9359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayuki","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirillov, A., Mintun, E., Ravi, N., Mao, H., Rolland, C., Gustafson, L., Xiao, T., Whitehead, S., Berg, A.C., and Lo, W.Y. 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