{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:23:08Z","timestamp":1785424988182,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62375027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62375027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62127813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62127813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62405032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62405032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["62375027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62375027"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["62127813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62127813"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["62405032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62405032"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Optical Imaging and Measurement","award":["2025002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025002"]}]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Space Intelligent Control","award":["HTKJ2025KL502009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HTKJ2025KL502009"]}]},{"name":"Changchun University Institute Concept Verification Project","award":["25GNYZ57"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25GNYZ57"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose a dual-aperture, simultaneous-polarization super-resolution imaging system that combines a total internal reflection optical architecture with a digital micromirror device (DMD) for broadband, high-resolution imaging. The system captures multiple polarization states simultaneously with a single detector and offers a compact, lightweight design. Using reflective Wassermann\u2013Wolf differential equations and Seidel aberration theory, we establish astigmatism-correction boundary conditions and apply iterative optimization to jointly correct spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, and distortion. Because distortion critically affects super-resolution reconstruction by causing mirror\u2013pixel misregistration, we further introduce a custom merit function to tightly constrain chief-ray positions for each sub-aperture and field point on intermediate and final image planes, effectively suppressing distortion. The final design achieves F\/2.5, grid distortion below \u00b10.5%, and near-diffraction-limited performance in all polarization channels. Tolerance analysis of the four sub-apertures confirms that imaging requirements are satisfied, demonstrating robust high-resolution polarization imaging across multiple polarization states.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging12070282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T05:49:33Z","timestamp":1782712173000},"page":"282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optical System Design for Off-Axis Polarization Super-Resolution Imaging with Four Sub-Apertures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiansong","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Space Photoelectric Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"College of Opto-Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Space Photoelectric Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"College of Opto-Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huilin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Space Photoelectric Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"College of Opto-Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boshi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Space Photoelectric Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"College of Opto-Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90002-7","article-title":"Polarization of the Solar Light Scattered by the Earth-Atmosphere System as Observed from the US Shuttle","volume":"48","author":"Roger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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