{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:30:28Z","timestamp":1787027428649,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and up-to-date knowledge of land use and land cover represents one of the central challenges in spatial planning and landscape sciences. In this context, the present work introduces GANCIU (Geospatial Analysis with Neural Classification and Image Understanding), an original hybrid pipeline for the automatic extraction of man-made infrastructure from high-resolution satellite imagery. The primary methodological contribution lies in the sequential integration of four technologically heterogeneous components: a per-pixel Random Forest classifier, a guided image modulation step, edge detection via the Mumford\u2013Shah variational functional solved through the Ambrosio\u2013Tortorelli approximation, and final object delineation via the Segment Anything Model (SAM). Each component does not operate independently but conditions and informs the next: The RF probability map guides the modulation, which in turn directs the sensitivity of the variational step exclusively towards regions of interest; the AT edges provide spatial prompts to SAM, for which its masks are finally filtered by the RF probability in an adaptive manner through a Gaussian Mixture Model. This progressive conditioning scheme constitutes the architectural core of GANCIU and distinguishes it from approaches that combine classification and segmentation in parallel or in purely sequential fashion with each stage conditioning the next but without any reverse correction between them. The Random Forest classifier was trained on 44 manually annotated scenes, geographically disjoint from the twelve independent scenes used for quantitative validation. This validation, based on an instance matching protocol (precision, recall, F1 score, and IoU), confirms the contribution of the full pipeline over a Random-Forest-only baseline: Pooled false positives fall by close to two orders of magnitude (from 8320 to 209), while true positives rise nearly twentyfold (from 5 to 95), with a mean IoU of 0.742 \u00b1 0.060 on correctly matched objects. Notably, the entire pipeline\u2014including SAM-based segmentation\u2014runs end-to-end on a modest, GPU-free consumer laptop (four logical CPU cores, under 16 GB RAM), demonstrating that competitive infrastructure-extraction performance does not require specialised computing hardware.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging12080382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:48:36Z","timestamp":1786722516000},"page":"382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GANCIU\u2014Geospatial Analysis with Neural Classification and Image Understanding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5300-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amedeo","family":"Ganciu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, Design and Urban Planning, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovannangela","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, Design and Urban Planning, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Solci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, Design and Urban Planning, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2019.1650447","article-title":"Land cover and land use classification performance of machine learning algorithms in a boreal landscape using Sentinel-2 data","volume":"57","author":"Abdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"GIScience Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2024.06.010","article-title":"Comparison of different machine-learning algorithms for land use land cover mapping in a heterogenous landscape over the Eastern Nile River basin, Ethiopia","volume":"74","author":"Yimer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. 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