{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T17:23:34Z","timestamp":1787333014851,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Landmark recognition for smart tourism is usually validated on curated benchmark images. In deployment, however, the classifier must handle user-generated photographs whose viewpoint, lighting, resolution, occlusion, and compression differ sharply from curated data. This paper evaluates a previously published multi-threshold enhancement and selective YOLO11n-cls ensemble under this shift, and provides a preliminary zero-shot comparison of three general-purpose multimodal large language models (MLLMs) on the same task. To measure the shift, we build Samarkand v2-SNS, a 300-image out-of-distribution test set of social-media photographs of 12 Samarkand landmarks, disjoint from the training and validation data. Under the shift, four supervised baselines fall by 12.73\u201322.08 percentage points to 73\u201380% accuracy, and their in-distribution ranking does not hold. The selective ensemble degrades least (99.24% to 93.00%, \u22126.24 points) and outperforms the strongest baseline by 13 points. A capacity-matched ablation shows that most of this robustness comes from enhancement diversity, not from generic ensembling. In a preliminary comparison, zero-shot MLLMs (GPT-5, Claude Sonnet 4.5, Gemini 2.5) reach only 24.81\u201354.26%, far below deployment needs. The results argue for reporting out-of-distribution accuracy alongside curated benchmarks, and for hybrid systems that pair compact specialised recognisers with MLLM-based interpretation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging12080397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T15:51:05Z","timestamp":1787327465000},"page":"397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Landmark Recognition Beyond Curated Benchmarks: Cross-Domain Evaluation of a Multi-Threshold Selective YOLO11 Ensemble on User-Generated Imagery, with a Zero-Shot Multimodal LLM Baseline"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2902-2769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulugbek","family":"Hudayberdiev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics, Samarkand State University of Veterinary Medicine, Livestock and Biotechnologies, Samarkand 140103, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdimumin","family":"Alikulov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics, Samarkand State University of Veterinary Medicine, Livestock and Biotechnologies, Samarkand 140103, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2142-3390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adkham","family":"Israilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-school and Primary Education Faculty, National Pedagogical University of Uzbekistan Named After Nizami, Tashkent 100185, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2021-6284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhiddin","family":"Xidirov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-school and Primary Education Faculty, National Pedagogical University of Uzbekistan Named After Nizami, Tashkent 100185, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4656-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javokhir","family":"Musaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-015-0196-8","article-title":"Smart tourism: Foundations and developments","volume":"25","author":"Gretzel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. 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