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Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This PRISMA 2020 systematic literature review analyzes efficient transformer-based video object detection (VOD). Across five databases through August 2025, 1343 records were identified, with 16 studies meeting the final inclusion criteria after full-text screening. Backward citation tracking added five additional eligible studies, yielding a small final evidence base of 21 studies (22 reports). This review\u2019s major contributions are (i) a focused narrative synthesis at the intersection of efficient model design, temporal modeling, and video object detection transformers, due to methodological heterogeneity in the corpus; (ii) ROB-CVA, a proposed risk-of-bias framework for computer vision; and (iii) an evidence-based analysis of temporal modeling strategies and evaluation practices. Furthermore, we examine evaluation inconsistencies, including dataset fragmentation and risk-of-bias. Fifty-two percent of studies were rated as low risk-of-bias using the review-specific, non-validated ROB-CVA framework, driven mainly by non-public code and datasets; this distribution is sensitive to our risk-of-bias aggregation rule. The certainty of evidence is low to moderate. The review outlines open challenges and future directions. This review is registered on OSF (doi: 10.17605\/OSF.IO\/Q9PJ4), supported by project AEOLUS (PHD IN INDUSTRY\/1123\/0145), and funded by the Republic of Cyprus through the Research and Innovation Foundation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging12090419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:30:46Z","timestamp":1788777046000},"page":"419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficiency and Temporal Reasoning in Transformer-Based Video Object Detection: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1980-4954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiannis","family":"Keravnos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyprus Research and Innovation Center Ltd. (CYRIC), 2643 Nicosia, Cyprus"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1864-166X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Ioannou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6659-1808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyprus Research and Innovation Center Ltd. 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