{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T01:31:47Z","timestamp":1792373507765,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The optical quality of an image depends on both the optical properties of the imaging system and the physical properties of the medium in which the light travels from the object to the final imaging sensor. The analysis of the point spread function of the optical system is an objective way to quantify the image degradation. In retinal imaging, the presence of corneal or cristalline lens opacifications spread the light at wide angular distributions. If the mathematical operator that degrades the image is known, the image can be restored through deconvolution methods. In the particular case of retinal imaging, this operator may be unknown (or partially) due to the presence of cataracts, corneal edema, or vitreous opacification. In those cases, blind deconvolution theory provides useful results to restore important spatial information of the image. In this work, a new semi-blind deconvolution method has been developed by training an iterative process with the Glare Spread Function kernel based on the Richardson-Lucy deconvolution algorithm to compensate a veiling glare effect in retinal images due to intraocular straylight. The method was first tested with simulated retinal images generated from a straylight eye model and applied to a real retinal image dataset composed of healthy subjects and patients with glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Results showed the capacity of the algorithm to detect and compensate the veiling glare degradation and improving the image sharpness up to 1000% in the case of healthy subjects and up to 700% in the pathological retinal images. This image quality improvement allows performing image segmentation processing with restored hidden spatial information after deconvolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging7040073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T10:20:11Z","timestamp":1618568411000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Iterative-Trained Semi-Blind Deconvolution Algorithm to Compensate Straylight in Retinal Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9068-7728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"\u00c1vila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1124-0363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Ares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda C.","family":"Marcell\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda V.","family":"Collados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Rem\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.24.001296","article-title":"The effect of aberrations and scatter on image resolution assessed by adaptive optics retinal section imaging","volume":"24","author":"Wanek","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Opt. Image Sci. Vis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(84)90169-3","article-title":"Night Myopia","volume":"29","author":"Hope","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sur. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2017.10.003","article-title":"The effect of spherical aberration on visual performance and refractive state for stimuli and tasks typical of night viewing","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Optom."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199502000-00003","article-title":"Analysis of intraocular straylight, especially in relation to age","volume":"72","year":"1995","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20151021-03","article-title":"Straylight Measurements in Two Different Apodized Diffractive Multifocal Intraocular Lenses","volume":"31","author":"Labuz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2016.02.022","article-title":"Comparison of ocular straylight after implantation of multifocal intraocular lenses","volume":"42","author":"Reus","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2017.06.044","article-title":"Light scattering levels from intraocular lenses extracted from donor eyes","volume":"43","author":"Reus","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S224970","article-title":"Straylight As The Result Of Refractive Correction","volume":"12","author":"Gaurisankar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uji, A., Ooto, S., Hangai, M., Arichika, S., and Yoshimura, N. (2013). Image Quality Improvement in Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy Assisted Capillary Visualization Using B-spline-based Elastic Image Registration. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080106"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.08.002","article-title":"Adaptive optics imaging of the human retina","volume":"68","author":"Burns","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"43","article-title":"Retinal fundus image for glaucoma detection: A review and study","volume":"28","author":"Kanse","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.09.005","article-title":"Retinal blood vessel segmenetation approach based on mathematical morphology","volume":"65","author":"Hassan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Comp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2008.02.008","article-title":"Automatic segmentation of age-related macular degeneration in retinal fundus images","volume":"38","author":"Sevik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.36.000918","article-title":"Method to reduce undesired multiple fundus scattering effects in double-pass systems","volume":"36","author":"Aldaba","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Opt. Image Sci. Vis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5675","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.005675","article-title":"Deblurring adaptive optics retinal images using deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"8","author":"Fei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marrugo, A., Millan, M., Sorel, M., Sroubek, F., and Millan, M.S. (2011). Retinal image restoration by means of blind deconvolution. J. Biomed. Opt., 16.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3652709"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1088\/1464-4258\/7\/10\/010","article-title":"Blind deconvolution for high-resolution confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy","volume":"7","author":"Nourrit","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Yang, S., Barriga, S., Erry, G., Raman, B., Russell, S., Mitra, S., and Soliz, P. (2005). Retinal image deconvolution: Revealing hidden structures and pathology. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 46."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.13.000547","article-title":"Iterative blind deconvolution method and its applications","volume":"13","author":"Ayers","year":"1988","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.12.000058","article-title":"Blind Deconvolution by means of Richardson-Lucy algorithm","volume":"2","author":"Fish","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budai, A., Bock, R., Maier, A., Hornegger, J., and Michelson, G. (2013). Robust Vessel Segmentation in Fundus Images. Int. J. Biomed. Imaging, 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/154860"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma\u00eetre, H. (2015). Image Quality. From Photon to Pixel: The Digital Camera Handbook, Wiley. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119238447"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2012.2227726","article-title":"Making a Completely Blind Image Quality Analyzer","volume":"22","author":"Mittal","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"600","article-title":"Image Qualifty Assessment: From Error Visibility to Structural Similarity","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767851","article-title":"A Computational Approach to Edge Detection","volume":"8","author":"Canny","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(91)90057-C","article-title":"Dependence of intraocular straylight on pigmentation and light transmission through the ocular wall","volume":"31","author":"IJspeert","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"39","article-title":"Disability glare\u2014A state of the art report","volume":"3","author":"Vos","year":"1984","journal-title":"Comm. Int. l\u2019Eclairage J."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Report on Disability Glare","volume":"135","author":"Vos","year":"1999","journal-title":"CIE Collect."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.62.000055","article-title":"Bayesian-Based Iterative Method of Image Restoration","volume":"62","author":"Richardson","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucy, L.B. (1974). An Iterative Technique for the Rectification of Observed Distributions. Astron. J., 79.","DOI":"10.1086\/111605"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.1982.4307558","article-title":"Maximum Likelihood Reconstruction for Emission Tomography","volume":"1","author":"Shepp","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.2011.03486.x","article-title":"Application of regularized Richardson-Lucy algorithm deconvolution of confocal microscopy images","volume":"243","author":"Laasmaa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1162\/1063656041774983","article-title":"Real-Coded Memetic Algorithms with Crossover Hill-Climbing","volume":"12","author":"Lozano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Gracia, J., \u00c1vila, F., Ares, J., Vall\u00e9s, J., and Rem\u00f3n, L. (2020). Misaligment and tilt effect on aspheric intraocular lens designs after a corneal refractive surgery. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243740"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31816c4449","article-title":"Exploring ocular aberrations with a schematic human eye model","volume":"85","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11237","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.387940","article-title":"Wide-field direct ocular straylight meter","volume":"28","author":"Collados","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.21.001393","article-title":"Deconvolution of adaptive optics retinal images","volume":"21","author":"Christou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23227","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.023227","article-title":"Marginal blind deconvolution of adaptive optics retinal images","volume":"19","author":"Blanco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Marrugo, A.G., Vargas, R., Contreras, S., and Mill\u00e1n, M. (September, January 31). On the compensation of uneven illumination in retinal images for restoration by means of blind deconvolution. Proceedings of the 016 XXI Symposium on Signal Processing, Images and Artificial Vision (STSIVA), Bucaramanga, Colombia."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"736","article-title":"High order aberration and straylight evaluation after cataract surgery with implantation of an aspheric, aberration correcting monofocal intraocular lens","volume":"8","author":"Kretz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlasman, J.M., van den Berg, T.J., and Reus, N.J. (2020). Straylight due to intraocular lens opacification in a patient with asteroid hyalosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep., 19.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100857"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-015-0120-1","article-title":"Effect of diabetic retinopathy and diabetes on the intraocular straylight in pseudophakic eyes","volume":"15","author":"Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001360","article-title":"Optical quality and intraocular scattering in the diabetic eye wihtout diabetic retinopathy","volume":"96","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/7\/4\/73\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:48:55Z","timestamp":1760161735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/7\/4\/73"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging7040073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging7040073","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-433X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]}}}