{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T02:29:04Z","timestamp":1787797744991,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pulmonary valve (PV) is the least imaged among the heart valves. However, pulmonary regurgitation (PR) and pulmonary stenosis (PS) can occur in a variety of patients ranging from fetuses, newborns (e.g., tetralogy of Fallot) to adults (e.g., endocarditis, carcinoid syndrome, complications of operated tetralogy of Fallot). Due to their complexity, PR and PS are studied using multimodality imaging to assess their mechanism, severity, and hemodynamic consequences. Multimodality imaging is crucial to plan the correct management and to follow up patients with pulmonary valvulopathy. Echocardiography remains the first line methodology to assess patients with PR and PS, but the information obtained with this technique are often integrated with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and computed tomography (CT). This state-of-the-art review aims to provide an updated overview of the usefulness, strengths, and limits of multimodality imaging in patients with PR and PS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8100278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T21:07:11Z","timestamp":1665436031000},"page":"278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Multimodality Imaging of the Neglected Valve: Role of Echocardiography, Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Cardiac Computed Tomography in Pulmonary Stenosis and Regurgitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Pietro","family":"Costantini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Ospedale Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1418-7908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Perone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Rehabilitation Clinic \u201cVilla delle Magnolie\u201d, 81020 Castel Morrone, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnese","family":"Siani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Ospedale Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9on","family":"Groenhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Ospedale Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Muscogiuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), San Luca Hospital, 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Sironi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 24129 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4935-8110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 24129 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Carriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8001-1476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Giulia","family":"Pavon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1718-9949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Guglielmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jet105","article-title":"Scientific Document Committee of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging Recommendations for the Echocardiographic Assessment of Native Valvular Regurgitation: An Executive Summary from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"14","author":"Lancellotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. 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