{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T11:05:05Z","timestamp":1782990305802,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horizon 2020 programme of the European Union","award":["814158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["814158"]}]},{"name":"European Advanced Research School","award":["814158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["814158"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultrasound education traditionally involves theoretical and practical training on patients or on simulators; however, difficulty accessing training equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for home-based training systems. Due to the prohibitive cost of ultrasound probes, few medical students have access to the equipment required for at home training. Our proof of concept study focused on the development and assessment of the technical feasibility and training performance of an at-home training solution to teach the basics of interpreting and generating ultrasound data. The training solution relies on monitor-based augmented reality for displaying virtual content and requires only a marker printed on paper and a computer with webcam. With input webcam video, we performed body pose estimation to track the student\u2019s limbs and used surface tracking of printed fiducials to track the position of a simulated ultrasound probe. The novelty of our work is in its combination of printed markers with marker-free body pose tracking. In a small user study, four ultrasound lecturers evaluated the training quality with a questionnaire and indicated the potential of our system. The strength of our method is that it allows students to learn the manipulation of an ultrasound probe through the simulated probe combined with the tracking system and to learn how to read ultrasounds in B-mode and Doppler mode.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8110305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T02:03:58Z","timestamp":1668045838000},"page":"305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Towards a Low-Cost Monitor-Based Augmented Reality Training Platform for At-Home Ultrasound Skill Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8213-6486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marine Y.","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre For Print Research, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Vagg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cork Centre for Cystic Fibrosis (3CF), Cork University Hospital & HRB Clinical Research Facility Cork, University College Cork & School of Computer Science and Information Technology, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9960-3244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Seibold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Aided Medical Procedures (CAMP), Technical University of Munich, 85748 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Research in Orthopedic Computer Science (ROCS), University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7617-307X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell","family":"Doughty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"The British Medical Ultrasound Society (2022, February 22). 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Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision\u2014ECCV 2018, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01252-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/8\/11\/305\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:13:06Z","timestamp":1760145186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/8\/11\/305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging8110305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging8110305","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-433X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]}}}