{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:41:31Z","timestamp":1790048491389,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Increased parental stress is strongly related to the severity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptomatology. Parents\u2019 coping strategies and social support issues add to the complexity of this relationship. Aim: The present study investigated the relationship between self-regulation skills and parenting stress in parents of nonverbal children with ASD. Methods and procedure: The Parenting Stress Index\u2013Short Form (PSI-SF) was administered to 75 families, and self-regulation scores on a Motor Behavior Checklist for children (MBC) were recorded by students\u2019 class teachers (level of functioning-behavioral problems). In addition, interviews were conducted with a focus group of six parents (four mothers and two fathers) to explore the underline factors of parental stressin-depth. Results: Correlation analyses revealed that parenting stress was positively correlated with elevated scores on MBC children\u2019s self-regulation subscale. On the other hand, parenting stress was negatively correlated with the level of social functional support reported. Qualitative data were analyzed using transcripts, revealing additional stressors for families and parents, and resulting in recommendations to overcome these factors. Conclusions and implications: Aiming at developing strategies to improve self-regulation skills in nonverbal children with ASD may be particularly important in reducing parental stress for families having nonverbal children with autism and other developmental disabilities. Parents\u2019 stressors and suggestions during interviews are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence10010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T08:20:42Z","timestamp":1642407642000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Parental Stress and Children\u2019s Self-Regulation Problems in Families with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Efstratopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Education (CEDU), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0380-2220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Sofologi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education, School of Education, University of Ioannina, 45100 Ioannina, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University Research Centre of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6817-7334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Giannoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Psychiatric Clinic, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloni-ki, \u201cPapageorgiou\u201d General Hospital, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4347-1828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Bonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Psychiatric Clinic, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloni-ki, \u201cPapageorgiou\u201d General Hospital, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Education, School of Education, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Abidin, R. Richard (1995). Parenting Stress Index: Professional Manual, Psychological Assessment Resources. 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