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Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state is a spontaneously occurring metacognitive state that indicates that the answer to a query is almost, but not quite, at hand, i.e., that resolution is imminent. Since the time of William James, a distinctive feeling of nagging frustration has been observed to be associated with TOT states. On a more positive note, TOT states are also associated with intense goal-directed curiosity and with a strong desire to know that translates into successful mental action. The present study showed that prior to the presentation of resolving feedback to verbal queries\u2014if the individual was in a TOT state\u2014alpha suppression was in evidence in the EEG. This alpha suppression appears to be a marker of a spontaneously occurring, conscious, and highly motivating goal-directed internal metacognitive state. At the same time, alpha expression in the same time period was associated with the feeling of not knowing, indicating a more discursive state. Both alpha and alpha suppression were observed broadly across centro-parietal scalp electrodes and disappeared immediately upon presentation of the resolving feedback. Analyses indicated that the occurrence of alpha suppression was associated with participants\u2019 verbal affirmations of being in a TOT state, which is also related to subsequent expression of a late positivity when feedback is provided, and to enhanced memory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence10040121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T01:51:26Z","timestamp":1670550686000},"page":"121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Alpha Suppression Is Associated with the Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) State Whereas Alpha Expression Is Associated with Knowing That One Does Not Know"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Edmund Qian-Long","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4025-7869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Alexander","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Metcalfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4040","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2018.2844203","article-title":"Faster independent component analysis by preconditioning with Hessian approximations","volume":"66","author":"Ablin","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.05.004","article-title":"Meta-reasoning: Monitoring and control of thinking and reasoning","volume":"21","author":"Ackerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13581","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13581","article-title":"Intertrial alpha power indicates mind wandering","volume":"57","author":"Arnau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0183-18.2018","article-title":"Lateralized suppression of alpha-band EEG activity as a mechanism of target processing","volume":"39","author":"Bacigalupo","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00406","article-title":"Detecting and quantifying mind wandering during simulated driving","volume":"11","author":"Baldwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"180","article-title":"A theory of human curiosity","volume":"45","author":"Berlyne","year":"1954","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"221","article-title":"Tip-of-the-tongue states predict enhanced feedback processing and subsequent memory","volume":"101","author":"Bloom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ellis, Albert (1987). 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