{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T03:36:13Z","timestamp":1774064173452,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute on Aging","award":["NIA U01AG009740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIA U01AG009740"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>There have been few studies on associations between age-related declines in fluid cognition and functional ability in population-representative samples of middle-aged and older adults. We used a two-stage process (longitudinal factor analysis followed by structural growth modeling) to estimate bivariate trajectories of age-related changes in general fluid cognition (numeracy, category fluency, executive functioning, and recall memory) and functional limitation (difficulties in daily activities, instrumental activities, and mobility). Data came from the Health and Retirement Study (Waves 2010\u20132016; N = 14,489; ages 50\u201385 years). Cognitive ability declined on average by \u22120.05 SD between ages 50\u201370 years, then \u22120.28 SD from 70\u201385 years. Functional limitation increased on average by +0.22 SD between ages 50\u201370 years, then +0.68 SD from 70\u201385 years. Significant individual variation in cognitive and functional changes was observed across age windows. Importantly, cognitive decline in middle age (pre-age 70 years) was strongly correlated with increasing functional limitation (r = \u2212.49, p &lt; .001). After middle age, cognition declined independently of change in functional limitation. To our knowledge, this is the first study to estimate age-related changes in fluid cognitive measures introduced in the HRS between 2010\u20132016.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence11040065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T02:23:46Z","timestamp":1680143026000},"page":"65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Age-Related Trajectories of General Fluid Cognition and Functional Decline in the Health and Retirement Study: A Bivariate Latent Growth Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2448-2396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth P.","family":"Handing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqin","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3397-7921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Aichele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1024\/1662-9647\/a000003","article-title":"Effect of physical inactivity on cognitive performance after 2.5 years of follow-up","volume":"23","author":"Aichberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"GeroPsych: The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797618804501","article-title":"Fluid Intelligence Predicts Change in Depressive Symptoms in Later Life: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936","volume":"29","author":"Aichele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000035","article-title":"Life span decrements in fluid intelligence and processing speed predict mortality risk","volume":"30","author":"Aichele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2017.1394440","article-title":"Illness and intelligence are comparatively strong predictors of individual differences in depressive symptoms following middle age","volume":"23","author":"Aichele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging & Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"569","article-title":"Lifespan theory in developmental psychology","volume":"6","author":"Baltes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-011-0192-6","article-title":"Self-reported activities of daily living and performance-based functional ability: A study of congruence among the oldest old","volume":"8","author":"Bravell","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Ageing"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Brown, Timothy A. 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