{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T09:33:15Z","timestamp":1766050395946,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tip-of-the-tongue states are subjective experiences that unrecalled target words will be remembered. This study investigates if the visual fluency of familiar faces affects the likelihood of tip-of-the-tongue experiences (TOTs) as well as name recall and name recognition. To manipulate visual fluency, three levels of clarity for 396 celebrity faces were set: high, medium, and low clarity. Four hundred and twenty-nine participants were asked to recall the last names of the celebrities for all clarity levels, and, if they did not recall, to indicate if they experienced a TOT. Following the TOT question, they performed a name recognition test. Results showed that higher-clarity faces resulted in higher TOT rates than lower-clarity faces for unrecalled faces. Name recall was also higher for clearer faces. However, clarity level did not affect the correct answer rate on the name recognition test. These results support the view that perceptual cue-based factors influence TOT experiences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence11070135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T02:37:29Z","timestamp":1688697449000},"page":"135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Image Clarity Affects Tip-of-the-Tongue Rates for Faces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7218-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeonjeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Pournaghdali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bennett L.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196779","article-title":"Response speeding mediates the contributions of cue familiarity and target retrievability to metamnemonic judgments","volume":"12","author":"Benjamin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.10.008","article-title":"The cognitive psychology and neuroscience of naming people","volume":"83","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-020-01057-x","article-title":"Strategies to resolve recall failures for proper names: New data","volume":"48","author":"Geurten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.109.2.204","article-title":"A review of the tip-of-the-tongue experience","volume":"109","author":"Brown","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, Alan S. 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