{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T20:47:06Z","timestamp":1775162826082,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In all vertebrates, visual signals from each visual field project to the opposite midbrain tectum (called the superior colliculus in mammals). The tectum\/colliculus computes visual salience to select targets for context-contingent visually guided behavior: a frog will orient toward a small, moving stimulus (insect prey) but away from a large, looming stimulus (a predator). In mammals, visual signals competing for behavioral salience are also transmitted to the visual cortex, where they are integrated with collicular signals and then projected via the dorsal visual stream to the parietal and frontal cortices. To control visually guided behavior, visual signals must be encoded in body-centered (egocentric) coordinates, and so visual signals must be integrated with information encoding eye position in the orbit\u2014where the individual is looking. Eye position information is derived from copies of eye movement signals transmitted from the colliculus to the frontal and parietal cortices. In the intraparietal cortex of the dorsal stream, eye movement signals from the colliculus are used to predict the sensory consequences of action. These eye position signals are integrated with retinotopic visual signals to generate scaffolding for a visual scene that contains goal-relevant objects that are seen to have spatial relationships with each other and with the observer. Patients with degeneration of the superior colliculus, although they can see, behave as though they are blind. Bilateral damage to the intraparietal cortex of the dorsal stream causes the visual scene to disappear, leaving awareness of only one object that is lost in space. This tutorial considers what we have learned from patients with damage to the colliculus, or to the intraparietal cortex, about how the phylogenetically older midbrain and the newer mammalian dorsal cortical visual stream jointly coordinate the experience of a spatially and temporally coherent visual scene.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence12050050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T08:03:08Z","timestamp":1715673788000},"page":"50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Seeing without a Scene: Neurological Observations on the Origin and Function of the Dorsal Visual Stream"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Rafal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1159\/000210464","article-title":"Seelenlahhmung edes \u201cSchauens\u201d, optische Ataxie, raumliche Storung der Aufmerksamkeit","volume":"25","year":"1909","journal-title":"Montschrife Pscyhiatrie und Neurologie"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.05.017","article-title":"Distorted gaze direction input to attentional priority map in spatial neglect","volume":"131","author":"Balslev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1993.5.4.453","article-title":"Extinction and timulus repetition","volume":"5","author":"Baylis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(97)00058-4","article-title":"Impaired visual search in patients with unilateral neglect: An oculographic analysis","volume":"35","author":"Behrmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6342","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6176-09.2010","article-title":"Functional identification of a pulvinar path from superior colliculus to cortical area MT","volume":"30","author":"Berman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience the official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1992.4.4.345","article-title":"Visual processing without awareness: Evidence from unilateral neglect","volume":"4","author":"Berti","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13202","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3043-08.2008","article-title":"Interhemispheric effect of parietal TMS on somatosensory response confirmed directly with concurrent TMS-fMRI","volume":"28","author":"Blankenburg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruner, Emiliano (2023). 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