{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:52:00Z","timestamp":1790610720007,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several studies have examined performance on the Wechsler batteries in typically developing children and adolescents. In particular, some studies suggest that cognitive functioning may differ between males and females. In this framework, the present study aims to investigate, through a meta-analytical approach, whether there are sex differences in the profiles emerging from the WISC battery in children with a Specific Learning Disability. For this purpose, a systematic search was conducted, resulting in a final selection of 12 published studies which utilized the WISC and included at least one group of SLD children of similar ages. Scores obtained in each scale and subtest of the battery were then examined according to the CHC\/WISC-V classification. A series of mixed-effects models were fitted to meta-analyze the data. The results highlight some differences favoring males, and others advantaging females. On the one hand, males exhibited higher performances in crystallized intelligence, visual processing, and quantitative knowledge. On the other hand, females showed better performance in short-term memory and processing speed. Nevertheless, no differences in fluid reasoning emerged, which probably did not prompt differences in overall intellectual functioning. From a practical and implications point of view, understanding sex-specific differences seems to be of pivotal importance, since it might trigger the development of ad hoc intervention programs in the clinical and educational context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence13020018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T04:47:31Z","timestamp":1738817251000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sex Differences in Intelligence on the WISC: A Meta-Analysis on Children with Specific Learning Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0483-0463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Esposito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DISFOR, University of Genoa, Corso Andrea Podest\u00e1, 2, 16121 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1992-6271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Giofr\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DISFOR, University of Genoa, Corso Andrea Podest\u00e1, 2, 16121 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948301600708","article-title":"Sex and group differences in reading and attention disordered children with and without hyperkinesis","volume":"16","author":"Ackerman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459008987160","article-title":"Sex differences in neuropsychological performance for children with reading deficits","volume":"50","author":"Batchelor","year":"1990","journal-title":"International Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, Angelika, Daseking, Monika, and Koerner, Julia Kerner auch (2021). Cognitive profiles in the WISC-V of children with ADHD and specific learning disorders. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13179948"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borenstein, Michael, Hedges, Larry V., Higgins, Julian P. T., and Rothstein, Hannah R. (2009). Introduction to Meta-Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/0144341940140208","article-title":"Sex differences on the Dutch WISC-R: A comparison with the USA and Scotland","volume":"14","author":"Born","year":"1994","journal-title":"Educational Psychology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282913478035","article-title":"Theoretical convergence in assessment of cognition","volume":"31","author":"Bowden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2021.09.002","article-title":"The comparability of intelligence test results: Group- and individual-level comparisons of seven intelligence tests","volume":"88","author":"Grieder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of School Psychology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282913478036","article-title":"WAIS-IV and WISC-IV structural validity: Alternate methods, Alternate Results. Commentary on Weiss et al. (2013a) and Weiss et al. (2013b)","volume":"31","author":"Canivez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12230","article-title":"Construct validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children\u2014Fifth UK Edition: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the 16 primary and secondary subtests","volume":"89","author":"Canivez","year":"2019","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948001301009","article-title":"Sex differences in the perceptual, visual-motor, linguistic and concept-formation abilities of retarded readers?","volume":"13","author":"Canning","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"419","article-title":"New and emerging models of human intelligence","volume":"6","author":"Conway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000183","article-title":"The crucial role of working memory in intellectual functioning","volume":"19","author":"Cornoldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.05.013","article-title":"Differences in the intellectual profile of children with intellectual vs. learning disability","volume":"35","author":"Cornoldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Eccles, J. (1983). Expectancies, values and academic behaviors. Achievement and Achievement Motives: Psychological and Sociological Approaches, Freeman."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.333","article-title":"It\u2019s Time to Be Scientific About Dyslexia","volume":"55","author":"Elliott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018053","article-title":"Cross-National Patterns of Gender Differences in Mathematics: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"136","author":"Hyde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617720478","article-title":"Working Memory and Executive Attention: A Revisit","volume":"13","author":"Engle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000102","article-title":"Testing practices in the 21st century: Developments and European psychologists\u2019 opinions","volume":"17","author":"Evers","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Flanagan, Dawn P., and Kaufman, A. S. (2004). Essentials of WISC-IV Assessment (Essentials of Psychological Assessment), Wiley. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flanagan, Dawn P., and Alfonso, Vincent C. (2017). Essentials of WISC-V Assessment, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394258901"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Flanagan, Dawn P., McGrew, Kevin S., and Ortiz, Samuel O. (2000). The Wechsler Intelligence Scales and Gf-Gc theory: A Contemporary Approach to Interpretation, Allyn & Bacon."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282913478047","article-title":"Broad and Narrow CHC Abilities Measured and Not Measured by the Wechsler Scales: Moving Beyond Within-Battery Factor Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Flanagan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617717001084","article-title":"Neuropsychology of learning disabilities: The past and the future","volume":"23","author":"Fletcher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2012.11.002","article-title":"Cognitive sex differences in reasoning tasks: Evidence from Brazilian samples of educational settings","volume":"41","author":"Widaman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geary, David C. (2020). Male, Female: The Evolution of Human Sex Differences, American Psychological Association. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1037\/0000181-000"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2019.101380","article-title":"Lumpers vs. splitters: Intelligence in children with specific learning disorders","volume":"76","author":"Pastore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giofr\u00e8, David, Toffalini, Enrico, Esposito, Lorenzo, and Cornoldi, Cesare (2023). Gender Differences in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children in a Large Group of Italian Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Intelligence, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence11090178"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-024-01199-9","article-title":"Sex\/gender differences in general cognitive abilities: An investigation using the Leiter-3","volume":"25","author":"Toffalini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cognitive Processing"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-022-09705-1","article-title":"The Impasse on Gender Differences in Intelligence: A Meta-Analysis on WISC Batteries","volume":"34","author":"Allen","year":"2022a","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2021.101615","article-title":"Decoding gender differences: Intellectual profiles of children with specific learning disabilities","volume":"90","author":"Allen","year":"2022b","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haaf, Julia M. (2021). Conventional Publication Bias Correction Methods. PsyArXiv, 7823\u201330.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/gv4tw"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2017.09.001","article-title":"Cognitive ability influences on written expression: Evidence for developmental and sex-based differences in school-age children","volume":"67","author":"Hajovsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of School Psychology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halpern, Diane F., and Wai, Jonathan (2019). Sex differences in intelligence. The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108770422.015"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009027516424","article-title":"The Smarter Sex: A Critical Review of Sex Differences in Intelligence","volume":"12","author":"Halpern","year":"2000","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002300201","article-title":"On defining learning disabilities: An emerging consensus","volume":"23","author":"Hammill","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"159","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"27","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent Information Systems"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916221082116","article-title":"Sex\/Gender Differences in Verbal Fluency and Verbal-Episodic Memory: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Hirnstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2016.02.007","article-title":"Sex and cognition: Gender and cognitive functions","volume":"38","author":"Hyde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115057","article-title":"Gender similarities and differences","volume":"65","author":"Hyde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2006.03.012","article-title":"Sex differences in mental abilities: G masks the dimensions on which they lie","volume":"35","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00096.x","article-title":"Sex Differences in Variability in General Intelligence: A New Look at the Old Question","volume":"3","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2007.11.001","article-title":"Sex differences in latent cognitive abilities ages 6 to 59: Evidence from the Woodcock-Johnson III tests of cognitive abilities","volume":"36","author":"Keith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/21683603.2018.1485601","article-title":"The higher order structure of the WISC\u2013IV Italian adaptation using hierarchical exploratory factor analytic procedures","volume":"7","author":"Kush","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of School and Educational Psychology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1521\/scpq.20.1.66.64191","article-title":"The general (g), broad, and narrow CHC stratum characteristics of the WJ III and WISC-III tests: A confirmatory cross-battery investigation","volume":"20","author":"LeAdelle","year":"2005","journal-title":"School Psychology Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000526","article-title":"Complementary Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses of the French WISC\u2013V: Analyses Based on the Standardization Sample","volume":"30","author":"Lecerf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911211005170","article-title":"Exploratory Factor Analyses of the French WISC-V (WISC-VFR) for Five Age Groups: Analyses Based on the Standardization Sample","volume":"29","author":"Lecerf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2004.12.009","article-title":"Sex differences on the WISC-R in New Zealand","volume":"39","author":"Lynn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2012.07.006","article-title":"Comparing models of intelligence in Project TALENT: The VPR model fits better than the CHC and extended Gf-Gc models","volume":"40","author":"Major","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034832","article-title":"Whose iq is it?-assessor bias variance in high-stakes psychological assessment","volume":"26","author":"McDermott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2008.08.004","article-title":"CHC theory and the human cognitive abilities project: Standing on the shoulders of the giants of psychometric intelligence research","volume":"37","author":"McGrew","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.10.011","article-title":"The new science of cognitive sex differences","volume":"18","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyake, Akira, and Shah, Priti (1999). Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139174909"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/10888430903162878","article-title":"Double dissociation between reading and spelling deficits","volume":"13","author":"Moll","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moll, Kristina, Kunze, Sarah, Neuhoff, Nina, Bruder, Jennifer, and Schulte-K\u00f6rne, Gerd (2014). Specific learning disorder: Prevalence and gender differences. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103537"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026699","article-title":"Intelligence: New Findings and Theoretical Developments","volume":"67","author":"Nisbett","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2015.12.024","article-title":"Are there sex differences in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2014Forth Edition?","volume":"45","author":"Pezzuti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.10.056","article-title":"Changes in spatial cognition and brain activity after a single dose of testosterone in healthy women","volume":"298","author":"Pintzka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Posit Team (2024). RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R, PBC. Available online: https:\/\/posit.co\/."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Prifitera, Aurelio, Saklofske, Donald H., and Weiss, Lawrence G. (2008). WISC-IV Clinical Assessment and Intervention, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"R Core Team (2024). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-013-0269-0","article-title":"Gender-Role Differences in Spatial Ability: A Meta-Analytic Review","volume":"68","author":"Reilly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2022.101651","article-title":"The sexes do not differ in general intelligence, but they do in some specifics","volume":"92","author":"Reynolds","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2010.11.021","article-title":"Gender differences in processing speed: A review of recent research","volume":"21","author":"Roivainen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1991.73.3f.1225","article-title":"Correlations among special education students\u2019 WISC-R IQ\u2019s and SRA scores","volume":"73","author":"Schellinger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1989.69.1.115","article-title":"Wechsler digit span subtest: Diagnostic usefulness with dyslexic children","volume":"69","author":"Spafford","year":"1989","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617693062","article-title":"Limitations of PET-PEESE and Other Meta-Analysis Methods","volume":"8","author":"Stanley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Psychological and Personality Science"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sternberg, Robert J. (2018). The Nature of Human Intelligence, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316817049"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1348\/000709905X50906","article-title":"Sex differences in Cognitive Abilities Test scores: A UK national picture","volume":"76","author":"Strand","year":"2006","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948501800802","article-title":"Validation of a learning disability index (LDI) derived from a principal components analysis of the WISC\u2014R","volume":"18","author":"Tittemore","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1987.tb00661.x","article-title":"Research note: A learning disability index (LDI) derived from the WISC-R: Age differences in referred children","volume":"28","author":"Tittemore","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702616672038","article-title":"Strengths and Weaknesses in the Intellectual Profile of Different Subtypes of Specific Learning Disorder: A Study on 1,049 Diagnosed Children","volume":"5","author":"Toffalini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198010)36:4<953::AID-JCLP2270360422>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"WISC-R subtest differences for male and female LD children and youth","volume":"36","author":"Vance","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van de Vijver, F. J. R., Weiss, L. G., Saklofske, D. H., Batty, A., and Prifitera, A. (2019). A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the WISC-V. WISC-V: Clinical Use and Interpretation, Academic Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815744-2.00007-0"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viechtbauer, Wolfgang (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(03)00056-3","article-title":"Cerebral lateralization of spatial abilities: A meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Vogel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000320","article-title":"Sex differences in verbal working memory: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"147","author":"Voyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"13","article-title":"Gender Differences in Scholastic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Voyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"InFo Neurologie & Psychiatrie"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1085-7","article-title":"Sex differences in visual-spatial working memory: A meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Voyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031653","article-title":"Long-term stability of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition","volume":"25","author":"Watkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Wechsler, David (1949). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Wechsler, David (1974). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Psychological Corporation. [Revised]."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Wechsler, David (1991). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Psychological Corporation. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler, David (2003). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Psychological Corporation. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1037\/t15174-000"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler, David (2014). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Psychological Corporation. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1037\/t79359-000"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282913478050","article-title":"Technical and practical issues in the structure and clinical invariance of the Wechsler Scales: A rejoinder to commentaries","volume":"31","author":"Weiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Correlations among WISC-R IQs and several measures of receptive and expressive language for children referred for Special Education","volume":"69","author":"Wiesner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, Christopher J., Bowden, Stephen C., Byrne, Linda K., Vannier, Louis-Charles, Hernandez, Ana, and Weiss, Lawrence G. (2023a). Cross-National Generalizability of WISC-V and CHC Broad Ability Constructs across France, Spain, and the US. Journal of Intelligence, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence11080159"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2023.101751","article-title":"The cross-cultural generalizability of cognitive ability measures: A systematic literature review","volume":"98","author":"Wilson","year":"2023b","journal-title":"Intelligence"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3200\/13\/2\/18\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:27:52Z","timestamp":1760027272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3200\/13\/2\/18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jintelligence13020018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jintelligence13020018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-3200"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-3200","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]}}}