{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T05:54:45Z","timestamp":1787896485791,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANID\/FONDECYT REGULAR","award":["1210653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1210653"]}]},{"name":"ANID\/FONDECYT REGULAR","award":["1241145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1241145"]}]},{"name":"ANID\/FONDECYT REGULAR","award":["BF0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BF0003"]}]},{"name":"ANID\/FONDECYT REGULAR","award":["PID2020-114246GB-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-114246GB-100"]}]},{"name":"FONDECYT REGULAR","award":["1210653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1210653"]}]},{"name":"FONDECYT REGULAR","award":["1241145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1241145"]}]},{"name":"FONDECYT REGULAR","award":["BF0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BF0003"]}]},{"name":"FONDECYT REGULAR","award":["PID2020-114246GB-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-114246GB-100"]}]},{"name":"PIA-CONICYT Basal Funds for Centers of Excellence","award":["1210653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1210653"]}]},{"name":"PIA-CONICYT Basal Funds for Centers of Excellence","award":["1241145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1241145"]}]},{"name":"PIA-CONICYT Basal Funds for Centers of Excellence","award":["BF0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BF0003"]}]},{"name":"PIA-CONICYT Basal Funds for Centers of Excellence","award":["PID2020-114246GB-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-114246GB-100"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["1210653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1210653"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["1241145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1241145"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["BF0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BF0003"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["PID2020-114246GB-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-114246GB-100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This quasi-experimental study investigates the impact of an embodied intervention on the semantics of transitive verbs in children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD), grounded in the \u201cTIME IS SPACE\u201d conceptual metaphor\u2014where the future is mapped as forward and the past as backward. The intervention involved a pretest and a posttest design, using the induced plasticity technique to saturate motor areas through repetitive arm movements (either forward or backward). Then, we determined the influence of this saturation on the auditory comprehension of past- and future-tense sentences. Fifty-seven children (ages 5 years and 6 months to 6 years and 9 months) participated in the experiment. Participants were divided into four groups: two groups of children with DLD\u201414 Chilean students from speech therapy institutions who received the intervention and 15 who did not\u2014and two groups of chronologically matched typically developing (TD) peers, with 14 children in each intervention condition. The hypothesis proposed that a psychoeducational intervention would enhance the comprehension of time\u2013space conceptual metaphors in children with DLD, reflected by greater interference effects (higher RTs and lower ARs in matching vs. mismatching conditions). A 2 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 2 mixed ANOVA was used to identify significant differences in reaction times and accuracy rates. Results showed significant differences in the posttest for the DLD group with intervention versus the same group without intervention, particularly in the semantics of future tense with forward motion. Furthermore, the study found that the impact of the intervention depended on the level of narrative discourse comprehension. These findings suggest that embodied interventions leveraging metaphorical mappings of time and space can enhance verb tense comprehension, particularly in preschoolers with narrative comprehension challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence13060061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T20:39:36Z","timestamp":1748205576000},"page":"61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["When the Past Is Backward and the Future Is Forward: An Embodied Cognition Intervention in Preschoolers with Developmental Language Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6399-1628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Vergara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepcion 4070386, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Comunicaciones y Artes, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Concepcion 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8475-1383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mabel","family":"Urrutia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepcion 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, Campus Guajara, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2015.12.018","article-title":"Funciones ejecutivas y lenguaje en subtipos de ni\u00f1os con trastorno espec\u00edfico del lenguaje","volume":"32","author":"Acosta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2015.144","article-title":"Intervention in Reading Processes in Pupils with Specific Language Impairment (SLI)","volume":"28","author":"Acosta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahufinger, Nadia, Berglund-Barraza, Amy, Cruz-Santos, Anabela, Ferinu, Laura, Andreu, Lloren\u00e7, Sanz-Torrent, M\u00f3nica, and Evans, Julia (2021). Consistency of a Nonword Repetition Task to Discriminate Children with and without Developmental Language Disorder in Catalan\u2013Spanish and European Portuguese Speaking Children. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8020085"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-020-01124-3","article-title":"Do metaphorical sharks bite? Simulation and abstraction in metaphor processing","volume":"49","author":"Katz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albouy, Genevi\u00e8ve, King, Bradley, Schmidt, Christina, Desseilles, Martin, Dang-Vu, Thien Thanh, Balteau, Evelyne, Phillips, Christophe, Degueldre, Christian, Orban, Pierre, and Benali, Habib (2016). Cerebral Activity Associated with Transient Sleep-Facilitated Reduction in Motor Memory Vulnerability to Interference. Scientific Reports, 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34948"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association DSM-V. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"777","article-title":"Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Similarities in Pragmatic Language Abilities. A Systematic Review","volume":"92","author":"Andreou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5209\/rlog.70857","article-title":"Descripci\u00f3n del cambio del TEL al TDL en contexto angloparlante","volume":"11","author":"Andreu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Revista de Investigaci\u00f3n en Logopedia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639","article-title":"Grounded cognition","volume":"59","author":"Barsalou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beracci, Alessia, and Fabbri, Marco (2024). Vertical mental timeline is not influenced by visuo-spatial processing. Brain Sciences, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14020184"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112663","article-title":"Stepping Forward, Stepping Backward: A Movement-Related Cortical Potential Study Unveils Distinctive Brain Activities","volume":"388","author":"Berchicci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behavioral Brain Research"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675558","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.675558","article-title":"Comparison of different response time outlier exclusion methods: A simulation study","volume":"12","author":"Berger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2019.100777","article-title":"A Review of Literature on the Link Between Action Observation and Action Language: Advancing a Shared Semantic Theory","volume":"58","author":"Beauprez","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Ideas in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125221112244","article-title":"The Link Between Action Verb Processing and Action Observation: A Developmental Study","volume":"129","author":"Beauprez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12721","article-title":"Phase 2 of CATALISE: A multinational and multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study of problems with language development: Terminology","volume":"58","author":"Bishop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-20-00012","article-title":"Do Children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) Have Difficulties with Interference Control, Visuospatial Working Memory, and Selective Attention? Developmental Patterns and the Role of Severity and Persistence of DLD","volume":"63","author":"Blom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396941518817229","DOI":"10.1177\/2396941518817229","article-title":"Comprehension of Novel Metaphor in Young Children with Developmental Language Disorder","volume":"3","author":"Perovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autism & Developmental Language Impairments"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.09.015","article-title":"Metaphors we learn by: Directed motor action improves word learning","volume":"182","author":"Casasanto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611401755","article-title":"When Left is \u201cRight\u201d: Motor fluency shapes abstract concepts","volume":"22","author":"Casasanto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.03.004","article-title":"Time in the mind: Using space to think about time","volume":"106","author":"Casasanto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2010.01094.x","article-title":"Space and Time in the Child\u2019s Mind: Evidence for a Cross-Dimensional Asymmetry","volume":"34","author":"Casasanto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.05.013","article-title":"Cortico-Subcortical Neuronal Circuitry Associated with Reconsolidation of Human Procedural Memories","volume":"58","author":"Censor","year":"2014a","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.042","article-title":"Interference with Existing Memories Alters Offline Intrinsic Functional Brain Connectivity","volume":"81","author":"Censor","year":"2014b","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skuse, David, Bruce, Helen, and Dowdney, Linda (2017). Developmental Language Disorder. Child Psychology and Psychiatry: Frameworks for Clinical Training and Practice, Wiley Blackwell. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119170235"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00018.2018","article-title":"Explorations in statistics: The log transformation","volume":"42","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Physiology Education"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2020.106004","article-title":"Capitalizing on cross-language similarities in intervention with bilingual children","volume":"87","author":"Dam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/02699206.2021.2007286","article-title":"Preserved Category-Based Inferences for Word Learning in School-Aged Children with Developmental Language Disorder","volume":"36","author":"Dauvister","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/0265659018815736","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of an oral inferential comprehension intervention for young children with developmental language disorder","volume":"35","author":"Dawes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Language Teaching and Therapy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-016-9380-4","article-title":"Effects of a reading strategy training aimed at improving mental simulation in primary school children","volume":"29","author":"Bos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-09342021000300985","article-title":"Revisitando la Corporeidad del Lenguaje Narrativo","volume":"54","year":"2021","journal-title":"Revista Signos"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"774","article-title":"Intervention in the Coherence of Narrative Discourse in Students With Developmental Language Disorder and With Typical Development","volume":"45","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal for the Study of Education and Development"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"98","article-title":"Ense\u00f1anza de Esquemas Narrativos en Alumnado de Educaci\u00f3n Infantil: Trastorno del Desarrollo del Lenguaje y Desarrollo T\u00edpico","volume":"46","year":"2024","journal-title":"Estudios Sobre Educaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Hickok, Gregory, and Small, Steven (2016). Gesture\u2019s role in learning and processing language. Neurobiology of Language, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical Power Analyses Using G*Power 3.1: Tests for Correlation and Regression Analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759175","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.759175","article-title":"Does embodiment of verbs influence predicate metaphor processing in a second language? Evidence from picture priming","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-L-17-0339","article-title":"Evaluation of an Explicit Intervention to Teach Novel Grammatical Forms to Children with Developmental Language Disorder","volume":"61","author":"Finestack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallese, Vittorio (2014). Bodily Selves in Relation: Embodied Simulation as Second-Person Perspective on Intersubjectivity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0177"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S2007-5057(13)72715-7","article-title":"C\u00e1lculo del tama\u00f1o de la muestra en investigaci\u00f3n en educaci\u00f3n m\u00e9dica","volume":"2","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investigaci\u00f3n en Educaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dancygier, Barbara (2017). Conceptualizing Time in Terms of Space: Experimental Evidence. Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316339732"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196313","article-title":"Grounding language in action","volume":"9","author":"Glenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.02.036","article-title":"Use-Induced Motor Plasticity Affects the Processing of Abstract and Concrete Language","volume":"18","author":"Glenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3236","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-20-00031","article-title":"Exploring sentence diversity at the boundary of typical and impaired language abilities","volume":"63","author":"Hadley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1957.9713084","article-title":"Lateral Dominance, Directional Confusion, and Reading Disability","volume":"44","author":"Harris","year":"1957","journal-title":"The Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.08.006","article-title":"Modulation of Learning and Memory: A Shared Framework for Interference and Generalization","volume":"392","author":"Herszage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.03.030","article-title":"When the Body Is Time: Spatial and Temporal Deixis in Children with Visual Impairments and Sighted Children","volume":"34","author":"Iossifova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"24","article-title":"Embodied Science and Mixed Reality: How Gesture and Motion Capture Affect Physics Education","volume":"2","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1819","article-title":"Effects of Embodied Learning and Digital Platform on the Retention of Physics Content: Centripetal Force","volume":"7","author":"Birchfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-19-00342","article-title":"The Relationship between Word Learning and Executive Function in Preschoolers with and without Developmental Language Disorder","volume":"63","author":"Kapa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2007.09.003","article-title":"Neuroanatomical Distribution of Five Semantic Components of Verbs: Evidence from fMRI","volume":"107","author":"Kemmerer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/17501229.2019.1607355","article-title":"Words in Action: Investigating Students\u2019 Language Acquisition and Emotional Performance Through Embodied Learning","volume":"14","author":"Kosmas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2307\/2025464","article-title":"Conceptual metaphor in everyday language","volume":"77","author":"Lakoff","year":"1980","journal-title":"The Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Lakoff, George, and Johnson, Mark (1999). Philosophy in the Flesh, Basic Books."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-19-00210","article-title":"Language and Inhibition-Predictive Relationships in Children with Language Impairment Relative to Typically Developing Peers","volume":"63","author":"Larson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12053","article-title":"Specific language impairment across languages","volume":"8","author":"Leonard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-L-18-0070","article-title":"Retrieval-Based Word Learning in Young Typically Developing Children and Children With Developmental Language Disorder I: The Benefits of Repeated Retrieval","volume":"62","author":"Leonard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02699206.2024.2441306","article-title":"Narrative Generation and Narrative Recall Recruit Different Executive Functions in Preschoolers with and without Developmental Language Disorder","volume":"38","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Lockman, Jeffrey, and Tamis-LeMonda, Catherine (2020). Manual de Cambridge Sobre el Desarrollo Infantil: Cerebro, Comportamiento y Contexto Cultural, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1789669","article-title":"Let\u2019s Do the Time Warp Again: Embodied Learning of the Concept of Time in an Applied School Setting","volume":"31","author":"Loeffler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1037\/cep0000046","article-title":"Carefully Encoding Approach\/Avoidance Body Locomotion with Interpersonal Conduct in Narrated Interactions","volume":"69","author":"Marrero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/10597123231157787","article-title":"Embodied Representation of Approach and Avoidance Attitudes by Language: Pro is Forward, Against is Backward","volume":"31","author":"Marrero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adaptive Behavior"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4783","DOI":"10.1044\/2024_JSLHR-23-00743","article-title":"Inferring Word Class and Meaning from Spoken and Written Texts: A Comparison of Children with and Without Developmental Language Disorder","volume":"67","author":"McGregor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.03.008","article-title":"The Tangle of Space and Time in Human Cognition","volume":"17","author":"Cooperrider","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Pavez, Mar\u00eda Mercedes (2008). Test para la Comprensi\u00f3n Auditiva del Lenguaje de E. Carrow, Universidad de Chile. [Tercera edici\u00f3n]."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Pavez, Mar\u00eda Mercedes (2010). Test Exploratorio de Gram\u00e1tica Espa\u00f1ola de A. Toronto, Ediciones Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile. [Tercera edici\u00f3n]."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Pavez, Mar\u00eda Mercedes, Coloma, Carmen Julia, and Maggiolo, Mariangela (2008). El Desarrollo Narrativo en Ni\u00f1os: Una Propuesta Pr\u00e1ctica para la Evaluaci\u00f3n y la Intervenci\u00f3n en Ni\u00f1os con Trastorno del Lenguaje, Ars Medica."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Pavez, Mar\u00eda Mercedes, Maggiolo, Mariangela, and Coloma, Carmen Julia (2009). Test para Evaluar Procesos de Simplificaci\u00f3n Fonol\u00f3gica, Ediciones Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile. [Tercera edici\u00f3n]."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1706","article-title":"Brain Mechanisms Linking Language and Action","volume":"6","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-09342023000200306","article-title":"Intervenci\u00f3n en Lectura Temprana en Alumnado con Trastorno del Desarrollo del Lenguaje","volume":"56","author":"Acosta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Revista Signos"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCallum, R. Steve (2003). Raven Progressive Matrices. Handbook of Nonverbal Assessment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0153-4"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.308","article-title":"Consensus Paper: Situated and Embodied Language Acquisition","volume":"6","author":"Reggin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinaldi, Sara, Caselli, Mar\u00eda Cristina, Cofelice, Valentina, D\u2019Amico, Simonetta, Cagno, Anna Giulia De, Corte, Giuseppina Della, Martino, Mar\u00eda Valeria Di, Costanzo, Br\u00edgida Di, Levorato, Mar\u00eda Chiara, and Penge, Roberta (2021). Efficacy of the Treatment of Developmental Language Disorder: A Systematic Review. Brain Sciences, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11030407"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rlfa.2020.09.005","article-title":"Comprensi\u00f3n del Tiempo a Trav\u00e9s del Espacio: Un Estudio de Plasticidad Inducida en Ni\u00f1os con Trastorno del Desarrollo del Lenguaje","volume":"42","author":"Ruiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Revista de Logopedia, Foniatr\u00eda y Audiolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"362","article-title":"Contributions of Early Motor Deficits in Predicting Language Outcomes among Preschoolers with Developmental Language Disorder","volume":"88","author":"Sack","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1159\/000493262","article-title":"Characterizing the Motor Skills in Children with Specific Language Impairment","volume":"71","author":"Sanjeevan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01019","article-title":"When the Sad Past Is Left: The Mental Metaphors Between Time, Valence, and Space","volume":"9","author":"Spatola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06277","article-title":"A Review of Augmented Reality Systems and Their Effects on Mental Workload and Task Performance","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"276","article-title":"TENI: A comprehensive battery for cognitive assessment based on games and technology","volume":"22","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trevisan, Piergiorgio, Sede\u00f1o, Lucas, Birba, Agustina, Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, Agust\u00edn, and Garc\u00eda, Adolfo (2017). A Moving Story: Whole-Body Motor Training Selectively Improves the Appraisal of Action Meanings in Naturalistic Narratives. Scientific Reports, 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12928-w"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1017\/langcog.2019.29","article-title":"Interfering ACE on Comprehending Embodied Meaning in Action-Related Chinese Counterfactual Sentences","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Language and Cognition"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1177\/00045632211050531","article-title":"Best Practice in Statistics: The Use of Log Transformation","volume":"59","author":"West","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03395630","article-title":"Effective Analysis of Reaction Time Data","volume":"58","author":"Whelan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Record"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Wiig, Elisabeth, Semel, Eleanor, and Secord, Wayne (2013). Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, NCS Pearson. [5th ed.]. CELF-5."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103712","article-title":"The Action-Sentence Compatibility Effect (ACE): Meta-Analysis of a Benchmark Finding for Embodiment","volume":"230","author":"Winter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3908","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_JSLHR-22-00017","article-title":"Investigating Narrative Performance in Children With Developmental Language Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"65","author":"Winters","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.04.021","article-title":"Sensorimotor Experience and Verb-Category Mapping in Human Sensory, Motor and Parietal Neurons","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1162\/opmi_a_00152","article-title":"Preschoolers\u2019 comprehension of functional metaphors","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Mind: Discoveries in Cognitive Science"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.135.1.1","article-title":"Seeing, Acting, Understanding: Motor Resonance in Language Comprehension","volume":"135","author":"Zwaan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3200\/13\/6\/61\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:40:00Z","timestamp":1760031600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3200\/13\/6\/61"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jintelligence13060061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jintelligence13060061","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-3200"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-3200","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]]}}}