{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T05:40:49Z","timestamp":1775454049261,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University"},{"name":"Research PRIN 2022 \u201cClinical markers of linguistic and literacy vulnerabilities in adulthood: it\u2019s never too late!\u201d","award":["20229PSYEP\u2014CUP D53D23009500006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20229PSYEP\u2014CUP D53D23009500006"]}]},{"name":"PRIN PNRR 2022 \u201cIs the core of learning disorders an automatization deficit? Evidence from comorbidity in reading, spelling, and math learning disor-ders (AUTOReSpeMa)\u201d","award":["P2022F2TLB\u2014CUP D53D23020670001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022F2TLB\u2014CUP D53D23020670001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the interaction between spatial frequencies and emotion processing using tachistoscopic presentations of emotional faces, in a patient with right capsulo\u2013thalamic damage and a matched control group (N = 3). Emotional (happy, angry and sad) and neutral faces were presented in one of two ways: broadband emotional images and hybrid faces, which were created by superimposing emotional Low Spatial Frequencies (LSFs) to the High Spatial Frequencies (HSFs) of the same identity with a neutral expression, resulting in a subliminal presentation of the emotional content. According to LeDoux\u2019s dual-route model, which suggests a cortical\u2013conscious emotional analysis and subcortical\u2013unconscious emotional processing, we expected healthy participants to show different variations in friendliness ratings compared with the case study patient. In particular, we hypothesized that while healthy participants should show friendliness ratings varying consistently with the facial expressions for both unfiltered (conscious) and filtered (unconscious) stimuli, reflecting the efficiency of both routes, the patient should show a selective deficit in the unfiltered condition due to the disruption of the thalamo\u2013cortical connections. The results showed that healthy controls evaluated emotions consistently across both conditions. Notably, there were no significant differences between the case study patient and the control group for hybrid faces, suggesting that the \u201chidden\u201d LSF successfully activated the intact subcortical route. However, significant differences emerged for unfiltered stimuli: the case study patient was able to distinguish between positive and negative valence, but she failed to discriminate between negative emotions. This finding suggests that the fine-grained differentiation of negative emotions requires an intact cortical analysis, mediated by the internal capsule.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence14040060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T04:10:27Z","timestamp":1775448627000},"page":"60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Explicit and Implicit Emotion Processing: The Role of Spatial Frequencies in a Case Study of Right Capsulo\u2013Thalamic Damage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7884-3353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenza","family":"Tommasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Humanities, Letters, Cultural Heritage, Education Sciences University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Padulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80133 Nales, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9969-6404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Prete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Chiara Rehabilitation Institute, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Chiara Rehabilitation Institute, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"De Francesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Chiara Rehabilitation Institute, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Rosaria","family":"Viva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Chiara Rehabilitation Institute, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0664-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Tommasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuliana","family":"Lucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8806-5655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara Valeria","family":"Marinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Humanities, Letters, Cultural Heritage, Education Sciences University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/372669a0","article-title":"Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala","volume":"372","author":"Adolphs","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.11.003","article-title":"Exploring the unconscious using 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