{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T05:46:50Z","timestamp":1782539210330,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cambridge-NTU Centre for Lifelong Learning and Individualised Cognition"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Matrix reasoning tasks remain among the most widely used instruments for assessing abstract reasoning and are often assumed to be culturally neutral. However, this assumption has been challenged by studies reporting significant cross-cultural variation in performance on nonverbal matrix reasoning tasks, even when groups show comparable performance on verbal measures of general cognitive ability. One plausible reason is that many matrix reasoning tasks rely primarily on accuracy-based performance metrics while providing limited insight into response timing and task engagement during problem solving. The present study examined the Matrix Reasoning Item Bank (MaRs-IB), a new online matrix reasoning instrument integrating both accuracy and response time, in 458 participants from China and the UK. Results demonstrated strong psychometric properties across both cultural contexts, while also revealing systematic between-group differences in overall task performance. Chinese participants were generally slower but more accurate, whereas UK participants responded more quickly with lower overall accuracy. Rather than reflecting a classical speed\u2013accuracy trade-off, these patterns may indicate cross-cultural variation in persistence, deliberative engagement, and the metacognitive regulation of cognitive effort during reasoning tasks. In particular, Chinese participants allocated more time before responding and persisted longer on challenging task items, whereas UK participants demonstrated relatively faster responding and shorter response times on more challenging items. These findings suggest that cross-cultural differences in matrix reasoning performance may reflect not only differences in observed performance levels, but also variation in how participants allocate time and sustain engagement during cognitively demanding tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence14070117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T08:14:12Z","timestamp":1782375252000},"page":"117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Task Engagement in Matrix Reasoning Performance: A Cross-Cultural Investigation in China and the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE), Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, 184 Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 8PQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9213-3203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kastoori","family":"Kalaivanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE), Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2801-3929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiani","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE), Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1540-5516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shen-Hsing Annabel","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE), Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore"},{"name":"Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 48 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639818, Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine), Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chew Lee","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ackerman, R., Binah-Pollak, A., and Lauterman, T. 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