{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T12:00:51Z","timestamp":1784894451691,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Higher Education Innovation Center","award":["10003CXZX2026A05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10003CXZX2026A05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the era of digital transformation and artificial intelligence, strengthening STEM education is indispensable to technological innovation and social progress. However, the scarcity of effective strategies and empirical evidence for the early identification of STEM-gifted learners constitutes a critical research gap. This study employed a systematic review approach to synthesize existing identification strategies for K-12 STEM-talent learners. Following the PRISMA framework, 26 peer-reviewed empirical and review articles were retrieved and analyzed from nine databases. Findings revealed that the majority of studies originated in the United States, peaked in 2018, and predominantly comprised empirical designs targeting high school students. Identification methods demonstrated an observed shift from holistic to more individualized approaches, encompassing intelligence and spatial ability testing, academic achievement measures, creativity and problem-solving assessments, portfolio evaluations, subject-specific competitions, and teacher or parent recommendations. Cognitive reasoning, creativity, spatial ability, and problem-solving emerged as core indicators, whereas socioeconomic status, cultural background, teacher and parental support, and gender expectations significantly influenced identification processes and talent development. Future research should empirically validate existing identification framework, account for cross-cultural variability, and examine the longitudinal efficacy of emerging artificial intelligence applications. This review synthesizes existing scholarship on K-12 STEM talent identification and delivers evidence-based recommendations to refine identification and assessment frameworks across diverse educational contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence14080153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:38:41Z","timestamp":1784889521000},"page":"153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Approaches to Identifying STEM Talent in K-12 Gifted Education: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2243-0407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9788-0424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huichao","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"08","DOI":"10.20897\/ejsteme\/14625","article-title":"Evaluation of STEM-aligned teaching practices for gifted mathematics teachers","volume":"9","author":"AlAli","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Journal of STEM Education"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/1932202X14536566","article-title":"Specialized high schools and talent search programs: Incubators for adolescents with high ability in STEM disciplines","volume":"25","author":"Almarode","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Academics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1080\/02783193.2014.884198","article-title":"Visual\u2013spatial ability: Important in STEM, ignored in gifted education","volume":"36","author":"Andersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Roeper Review"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnstein, K. B., Desmet, O. A., Seward, K., Traynor, A., and Olenchak, F. R. (2023). Underrepresented students in gifted and talented education: Using positive psychology to identify and serve. Education Sciences, 13, (9).","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13090955"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14978","article-title":"A theoretically based STEM talent development program that bridges excellence gaps","volume":"1522","author":"Assouline","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Athanasia, G., and Cota, J. (2022). The U.S. should strengthen STEM education to remain globally competitive., CSIS. Available online: https:\/\/www.csis.org\/blogs\/perspectives-innovation\/us-should-strengthen-stem-education-remain-globally-competitive."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3406\/psy.1904.3675","article-title":"M\u00e9thodes nouvelles pour le diagnostic du niveau intellectuel des anormaux","volume":"11","author":"Binet","year":"1905","journal-title":"L\u2019Ann\u00e9e Psychologique"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Britannica, T. (1998). Eleven-plus, Encyclopedia Britannica. Available online: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/eleven-plus."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.1994.9941254","article-title":"Analogical reasoning and giftedness: A comparison between identified gifted and nonidentified children","volume":"87","author":"Caropreso","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/00405841.2014.862117","article-title":"Opportunities to explore for gifted STEM students in Korea: From admissions criteria to curriculum","volume":"53","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theory Into Practice"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4219\/gct-2009-883","article-title":"Gifted education in Korea: Three Korean high schools for the mathematically gifted","volume":"32","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gifted Child Today"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/1932202X19829749","article-title":"The gifted gap, STEM education, and economic immobility","volume":"30","author":"Crabtree","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Academics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrose, D., and Sternberg, R. J. (2016). Envisioning a new century of gifted education. Giftedness and talent in the 21st century, SensePublishers. Advances in Creativity and Giftedness.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6300-503-6"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sternberg, R. J., and Ambrose, D. (2021). Evolving Complexity Theory (ECT) of talent development: A new vision for gifted and talented education. Conceptions of giftedness and talent, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-56869-6"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (2024, December 20). UK science and technology framework, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/6405955ed3bf7f25f5948f99\/uk-science-technology-framework.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Dienstbach, W. M. (1925). Zur f\u00f6rderung der besonders begabten volkssch\u00fcler [Fostering extraordinarily gifted students in public schools], Diesterweg."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success., Random House."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Font, A., Rizo-Maestre, C., Sempere, M., Gimeno, E., Gomez-Rico, M. F., Spairani, S., Gilart, V., Andujar, M. D., Moya, M. J., Perez, R., Vazquez, S., Nescolarde, J. A., and Aragones, L. (, January March). Engineers of the future: Strategy to cultivate female talent that opens paths in STEM. INTED2024 Proceedings, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.21125\/inted.2024.1098"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/001698628502900302","article-title":"Giftedness and talent: Reexamining a reexamination of the definitions","volume":"29","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gifted Child Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/1359813042000314682","article-title":"Transforming gifts into talents: The DMGT as a developmental theory","volume":"15","year":"2004","journal-title":"High Ability Studies"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Gallagher, J. J. (1964). Teaching the gifted child, Allyn and Bacon."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galton, F. (1869). Hereditary genius: An inquiry into its laws and consequences, Macmillan and Co.","DOI":"10.1037\/13474-000"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences, Basic Books."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/0569434517721770","article-title":"The roots of STEM achievement: An analysis of persistence and attainment in STEM majors","volume":"63","author":"Green","year":"2018","journal-title":"The American Economist"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross, M. U. M. (2003). Exceptionally gifted children, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203561553"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/02783193.2016.1183741","article-title":"Twenty-first century creativity: An investigation of how the partnership for 21st century instructional framework reflects the principles of creativity","volume":"38","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Roeper Review"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"123","article-title":"Integrating technology in STEM education: Enhancing gifted students\u2019 learning experiences","volume":"15","author":"Ayik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Educational Research"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03026473","article-title":"The possibilities and limitations of gifted education in Korea: A look at the ISEP science-gifted education center","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Education Review"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.30870\/jppi.v7i2.12029","article-title":"Enhancing students\u2019 high-order thinking skills through STEM-blended learning on Kepler\u2019s Law during COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"7","author":"Haryadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pembelajaran IPA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.17275\/per.22.143.9.6","article-title":"The effects of integrated STEM education practices on problem-solving skills, scientific creativity, and critical thinking dispositions","volume":"9","author":"Hebebci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Participatory Educational Research"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/0016986212460085","article-title":"The STEM pathway for women: What has changed?","volume":"57","author":"Heilbronner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gifted Child Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"63","article-title":"STEM talent in K\u201310: A systematic review","volume":"395","year":"2022","journal-title":"Revista de Educaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/0016986217752107","article-title":"A meta-analysis of gifted and talented identification practices","volume":"62","author":"Hodges","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gifted Child Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2021.09.185","article-title":"Talent identification in swimming: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Hogan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Race to the future: Innovations in gifted and enrichment education in Asia, and implications for the United States","volume":"2","year":"2012","journal-title":"Administrative Sciences"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/0162353217745158","article-title":"STEM excellence and leadership program: Increasing the level of STEM challenge and engagement for high-achieving students in economically disadvantaged rural communities","volume":"41","author":"Ihrig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal for the Education of the Gifted"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1177\/0016986215598001","article-title":"Retrospective perceptions of graduates of a self-contained program in Taiwan for high school students talented in STEM","volume":"59","author":"Jen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gifted Child Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"135","article-title":"An analytic study examining the relationship between gifted children and spatial ability: Focusing on the STEM field","volume":"18","author":"Jeong","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Korea Educational Review"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnsen, K. S., and van Tassek-Baska, J. (2022). Handbook on assessments for gifted learners: Identification, learning progress, and evaluation, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003285991"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0803-2","article-title":"Talent identification in sport: A systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Johnston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"STEM education for gifted and talented students in Turkey","volume":"3","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Gifted Education Research"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612457784","article-title":"Who rises to the top? Early indicators","volume":"24","author":"Kell","year":"2013a","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613478615","article-title":"Creativity and technical innovation: Spatial ability\u2019s unique role","volume":"24","author":"Kell","year":"2013b","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Kerr, S. T. (1991). Educational policy and social change in the USSR: The politics of the school from Khrushchev to Gorbachev, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/02783197909552416","article-title":"College programs for the gifted","volume":"2","author":"Laycock","year":"1979","journal-title":"Roeper Review"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/1076217515613384","article-title":"Identifying and developing inventive talent in the Republic of Korea","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gifted Child Today"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Lin, C., and Hu, W. (2012). Multi-stage growth pathways for elite innovative talent in China. Journal of Beijing Normal University (Social Sciences), 36\u201342. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Lucas Education Research (2024, December 20). The evidence is clear: Rigorous project-based learning is an effective lever for student success, Available online: https:\/\/www.lucasedresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Research-Summary-of-PBL-Rev1-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/02783193.2023.2285045","article-title":"Profiles of exceptionally talented students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM): An exploration using Q factor analysis","volume":"46","author":"Maker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Roeper Review"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/1932202X211018644","article-title":"Engagement in learning physics through project-based learning: A case study of gifted Finnish upper-secondary-level students","volume":"32","author":"Makkonen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Academics"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Marland, S. P. (2024, December 20). Education of the gifted and talented: Report to the Congress of the United States by the U.S. Commissioner of Education and background papers submitted to the U.S. Office of Education, Available online: https:\/\/www.valdosta.edu\/colleges\/education\/human-services\/document%20\/marland-report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes, D., Travassos, B., Carmo, J. M., Cardoso, F., Costa, I., and Sarmento, H. (2022). Talent identification and development in male futsal: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, (17).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710648"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Ministry of Education, Singapore (2026, July 04). Gifted education programme, Available online: https:\/\/www.moe.gov.sg\/education-in-sg\/our-programmes\/gifted-education."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-019-9823-2","article-title":"Using local rural knowledge to enhance STEM learning for gifted and talented students in Australia","volume":"51","author":"Morris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research in Science Education"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/0162353217745156","article-title":"Gifted students\u2019 conceptions of their high school STEM education","volume":"41","author":"Mullet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal for the Education of the Gifted"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"National Research Council (2012). A framework for K-12 science education: Practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"NSW Department of Education (2024, December 20). High potential and gifted education policy, Available online: https:\/\/education.nsw.gov.au\/content\/dam\/main-education\/teaching-and-learning\/high-potential-and-gifted-education\/HPGE_Policy.pdf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14948","article-title":"Front-loading STEM enrichment to prepare learners for STEM pathways","volume":"1520","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Olszewski-Kubilius, P., Subotnik, R. F., and Worrell, F. C. (2024, December 20). Talent development as a framework for gifted education: Implications for best practices and applications in schools, Available online: https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED588823."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"564","article-title":"Future of gifted education: A talent development platform","volume":"12","author":"Omar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kurdish Studies"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"P21 Framework Definitions (2024, December 20). P21 Framework Definitions, Available online: https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED519462.pdf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/0016986216643165","article-title":"Equity and excellence: Proactive efforts in the identification of underrepresented students for gifted and talented services","volume":"60","author":"Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gifted Child Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raven, J. C. (1936). Raven\u2019s progressive matrices, Oxford Psychologists Press.","DOI":"10.1037\/t07027-000"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"180","article-title":"What makes giftedness? Reexamining a definition","volume":"60","author":"Renzulli","year":"1978","journal-title":"Phi Delta Kappan"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sternberg, R. J., and Davidson, J. E. (2005). The three-ring conception of giftedness: A developmental model for promoting creative productivity. Conceptions of giftedness, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511610455"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4219\/jeg-2008-818","article-title":"Gender differences in gifted adolescents\u2019 math\/verbal self-concepts and math\/verbal achievement: Implications for the STEM fields","volume":"32","author":"Rinn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal for the Education of the Gifted"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1207\/s15430421tip4402_6","article-title":"Identification and assessment of gifted students with learning disabilities","volume":"44","author":"Ruban","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theory Into Practice"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0851-7","article-title":"Talent identification and development in male football: A systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Sarmento","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2021.100931","article-title":"Computational thinking skills of gifted and talented students in integrated STEM activities based on the engineering design process: The case of robotics and 3D robot modeling","volume":"42","author":"Sen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"81","article-title":"The cultivation of top innovative talent in higher education: The integrated challenges and exploration of theory, policy, and practice","volume":"45","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Higher Education Research"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1177\/1932202X13507971","article-title":"Identification as gifted and implicit beliefs about intelligence: An examination of potential moderators","volume":"24","author":"Snyder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Academics"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stambaugh, T., and Olszewski-Kubilius, P. (2020). Unlocking potential: Identifying and serving gifted students from low-income households, Routledge.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108235532.034"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Wisdom, intelligence, and creativity synthesized, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511509612"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2009.08.003","article-title":"Assessment of gifted students for identification purposes: New techniques for a new millennium","volume":"20","author":"Sternberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/02783193.2020.1815266","article-title":"Transformational giftedness: Rethinking our paradigm for gifted education","volume":"42","author":"Sternberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Roeper Review: A Journal on Gifted Education"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15108","article-title":"Attracting and developing STEMM talent toward excellence and innovation","volume":"1533","author":"Stoeger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1177\/1076217516661592","article-title":"STEM schools as incubators of talent development","volume":"39","author":"Subotnik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gifted Child Today"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subotnik, R. F., Olszewski-Kubilius, P., and Worrell, F. C. (2019). The psychology of high performance: Developing human potential into domain-specific talent, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/0000120-000"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"8","article-title":"The talent development megamodel: Navigating from potential to eminence","volume":"1488","author":"Subotnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Tanenbaum, C. (2024, December 20). STEM 2026: A vision for innovation in STEM education, Available online: https:\/\/www.ed.gov\/sites\/ed\/files\/2016\/09\/AIR-STEM2026_Report_2016.pdf."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Terman, L. M. (1916). The measurement of intelligence: An explanation of and a complete guide for the use of the Stanford revision and extension of the Binet-Simon intelligence scale, Houghton Mifflin."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/0016986216673712","article-title":"STEM high schools teachers\u2019 belief regarding STEM student giftedness","volume":"61","author":"Callahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gifted Child Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/02783193.2018.1434714","article-title":"Impacts of learning standards and testing on gifted students in STEM schools: A multilevel analytic induction","volume":"40","author":"Feldon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Roeper Review"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Torrance, E. P. (1966). Torrance Test of Creative Thinking: Directions manual and scoring guide, Personnel Press."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"443","article-title":"Gifted education and STEM: A thematic review","volume":"17","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Turkish Science Education"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niemi, H., Toom, A., and Kallioniemi, A. (2016). LUMA Centre Finland: Joy of science for all\u2014Bringing science, math and technology together. Miracle of education, Brill.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6300-776-4"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/0265532213483095","article-title":"The national center test for university admissions","volume":"30","author":"Watanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Language Testing"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (1949). Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC), Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/15377903.2011.615817","article-title":"Best practices in identifying students for gifted and talented education programs","volume":"27","author":"Worrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Applied School Psychology"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"90","article-title":"A study on the differences in geographic spatial ability levels among high school students","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University (Education Science Edition)"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"99","article-title":"Creativity within nested cultural spheres: A Chinese perspective","volume":"34","author":"Yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Exploration"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/0016986217722614","article-title":"Exploring the spatial ability of undergraduate students: Association with gender, STEM majors, and gifted program membership","volume":"61","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gifted Child Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1108\/APJIE-08-2022-0090","article-title":"A bibliometric analysis of the global landscape on STEM education (2004\u20132021): Towards global distribution, subject integration, and research trends","volume":"16","author":"Zhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sternberg, R. J., and Davidson, J. E. (2005). The actiotope model of giftedness. Conceptions of giftedness, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511610455"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3200\/14\/8\/153\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:02:34Z","timestamp":1784890954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3200\/14\/8\/153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jintelligence14080153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jintelligence14080153","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-3200"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-3200","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}}}