{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T02:45:13Z","timestamp":1785725113820,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Province Higher Education Leading Talent Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) poses significant challenges to creativity research and practice. Managing the degree of AI dependence during the creative process is therefore critical to fostering the healthy development of human creativity. To address this concern, this study proposes the CC-PACE model by integrating the 5A\u2019s framework with the I-PACE model, and examines factors associated with AI dependence during the creative process. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 813 college students in China, and the data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results showed that (1) both creative personal identity and creative self-efficacy were positively associated with closeness with the audience and the perception of AI as a creative agent. (2) Both closeness with the audience and the perception of AI as a creative agent were positively associated with time spent using AI, usage preference, and perceived difficulty in avoiding AI use. (3) Time spent and usage preference were positively associated with students\u2019 creative self-assessment, whereas perceived difficulty in avoiding AI use was not significantly associated with creative self-assessment. This study provides a viable analytical framework for understanding AI dependence in creative contexts. The findings further suggest that teachers should help students develop an appropriate understanding of AI\u2019s role, strengthen students\u2019 creative agency, and emphasize process-oriented assessment in creative activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence14080155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T01:43:27Z","timestamp":1785721407000},"page":"155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring College Students\u2019 AI Dependence in Human\u2013AI Collaborative Creation: Development and Validation of the CC-PACE Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0250-3459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuping","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuhai","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"Chinese Education Modernization Research Institute, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.43.5.997","article-title":"Social psychology of creativity: A consensual assessment technique","volume":"43","author":"Amabile","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2466\/02.09.18.PR0.110.2.501-517","article-title":"Development of a Facebook addiction scale","volume":"110","author":"Andreassen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12929","article-title":"Have some confidence in contact: Self-efficacy beliefs among children moderate the associations between cross-group friendships and outgroup attitudes","volume":"53","author":"Bagci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2026.102316","article-title":"An experimental study on the impact of generative AI on university students\u2019 emotions and performance in creative problem-solving tasks","volume":"102","author":"Bai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Bakker, M. 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