{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T04:45:18Z","timestamp":1785732318558,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["621448-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["621448-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["621448-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["621448-EPP-1-2020-1-BE-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00k4n6c32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023561","name":"Ministry of Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AP-FPU23\/01187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP-FPU23\/01187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Service-learning interventions have been proposed as a context for examining trait emotional intelligence, a core socioemotional competence associated with cognitive and behavioral outcomes. This pilot quasi-experimental study examined whether participation in a PLACE model (Prepare, Link, Action, Celebrate, Effect) service-learning program was associated with differences in trait emotional intelligence; civic engagement attitudes and behaviors; academic motivation and perseverance; learning mindset; school belonging; dropout intentions; and grade point average among secondary school students. Participants were assigned to an intervention group (n = 30) or a control group (n = 27). Data were collected using validated instruments, including the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, the Civic Engagement Scale, and the Students\u2019 Engagement and Motivation Scale 3.0, along with a single-item measure of dropout intention and official grade point average records. Analyses of covariance, controlling for baseline scores, revealed no statistically significant group differences. Effect sizes showed a mixed pattern, with small effects favoring both groups depending on the outcome. These patterns should be interpreted cautiously, as the study was underpowered to detect small effects. Overall, the findings do not support intervention efficacy but may inform future research with larger samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence14080156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T01:43:27Z","timestamp":1785721407000},"page":"156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Is It Possible to Enhance Adolescents\u2019 Trait Emotional Intelligence Through Service-Learning?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1272-1131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco D.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3986-225X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Ayll\u00f3n-Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8390-9724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Arco-Tirado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12131","article-title":"When to use the Bonferroni correction","volume":"34","author":"Armstrong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12796","article-title":"Civic engagement among adolescents: Spanish adaptation and validation of the civic engagement scale","volume":"76","year":"2025","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Batlle, R., Escoda, E., Cu\u00f1ado, M. J., Garc\u00eda Laso, A., Mart\u00edn, D. A., and Prats, D. (2019). 100 buenas pr\u00e1cticas de aprendizaje-servicio. Inventario de experiencias educativas con finalidad social [100 good service-learning practices. Inventory of educational experiences with a social purpose], Santillana. Available online: https:\/\/redaps.files.wordpress.com\/2019\/12\/100-buenas-prc3a1cticas-de-aprendizaje-servicio-102342.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Billig, S. (2025, November 30). Research on K-12 school-based service-learning: The evidence builds. School K-12. Paper 3, Available online: http:\/\/digitalcommons.unomaha.edu\/slcek12\/3."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Bloom, H. S. (2003). Sample design for an evaluation of the reading first program, Available online: https:\/\/www.mdrc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/full_498.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/yd.366","article-title":"The new dropout challenge: Bridging gaps among students, parents, and teachers","volume":"2010","author":"Bridgeland","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Directions for Youth Development"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Bridgeland, J. M., DiIulio, J. J., and Morison, K. B. (2025, November 30). The silent epidemic: Perspectives of high school dropouts, Available online: https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED513444."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Bridgeland, J. M., DiIulio, J. J., and Wulsin, S. C. (2025, November 30). Engaged for success: Service-Learning as a tool for high school dropout prevention, Available online: https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED503357.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brozmanov\u00e1-Gregorov\u00e1, A., Heinzov\u00e1, Z., Subasi-Singh, S., Laven, R., Vamos-Karandish, M., Arco-Tirado, J., Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00edn, F., Gleeson, T., and Ryan, P. (2024). The impact of service-learning on secondary school students\u2019 social and civic competencies, and engagement and motivation in school\u2014Perspectives from Europe. International Journal of Research on Service-Learning and Community Engagement, 12, (1).","DOI":"10.37333\/001c.127553"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.10.011","article-title":"The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies","volume":"35","author":"Burnett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Byrne, D. A. (2009). The effects of service learning and reflection on the pre-service teacher student\u2019s emotional intelligence (Publication No. 3566893). [Doctoral dissertation, Union Institute and University Cincinnati]. Available online: https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/openview\/c529ca79b6961a4916d5ba5540313a61\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"465","article-title":"Alcance del aprendizaje-servicio en la formaci\u00f3n del profesorado de educaci\u00f3n f\u00edsica: Un enfoque metodol\u00f3gico mixto [Scope of service-learning in physical education teacher training: A mixed methodological approach]","volume":"37","year":"2019","journal-title":"Desaf\u00edos"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Centre for European Volunteering (2021). SLUSIK state-of-art report on service-learning in Europe, European Commission. Available online: https:\/\/www.slusik.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/SLUSIK-State-of-the-Art-Report-Final-version.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Centre for European Volunteering (2022). Service-learning upscaling social inclusion for kids. Toolkit, European Commission. Available online: https:\/\/www.slusik.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/SLUSIK-Tookit-EN-Final-NEW-DESIGN.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.104841","article-title":"Can service-learning promote social well-being in primary education students? A mixed method approach","volume":"111","author":"Moliner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2015.04.008","article-title":"Social and emotional learning in middle school curricula: A service learning model based on positive youth development","volume":"53","author":"Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.09.002","article-title":"Sample size calculations for pilot randomized trials: A confident interval approach","volume":"66","author":"Cocks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/00986280903172969","article-title":"Teaching and learning in the social context: A meta-analysis of service learning\u2019s effects on academic, personal, social, and citizenship outcomes","volume":"36","author":"Conway","year":"2009","journal-title":"Teaching of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education, Simon and Schuster."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244013495542","article-title":"Civic engagement scale: A validation study","volume":"3","author":"Doolittle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"European Commission (2019). Key competences for lifelong learning, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"European Commission (2020). European skills agenda for sustainable competitiveness, social fairness and resilience, European Commission. Available online: https:\/\/pact-for-skills.ec.europa.eu\/community-resources\/publications-and-documents\/european-skills-agenda-sustainable-competitiveness-social-fairness-and-resilience_en."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"European Commission (2023). Understanding service learning. An introduction into the field of service-learning based on experiences of the USL project, European Commission. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/programmes\/erasmus-plus\/project-result-content\/fd6e8e80-9dc9-48a3-aba8-d06f61ed355e\/Service_Learning.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19404476.2017.1415600","article-title":"Service learning in the middle grades: Learning by doing and caring","volume":"41","author":"Farber","year":"2018","journal-title":"RMLE Online"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.5944\/educxx1.38229","article-title":"Impacto de un programa de aprendizaje-servicio y educaci\u00f3n deportiva sobre la competencia social y los aprendizajes [Impact of a service-learning and sports education program on social competence and learning]","volume":"27","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educaci\u00f3n XX1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00edn, F. D., and Ayll\u00f3n-Salas, P. (2026). Impact of service-learning among adolescents: A systematic review. Adolescents, 6, (1).","DOI":"10.3390\/adolescents6010010"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Service learning for improving academic success in students in grade K to 12: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Filges","year":"2022","journal-title":"Campbell Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Flores, J. (2018). A service-learning project and civic engagement for at-risk elementary students. [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. Available online: https:\/\/scholarworks.waldenu.edu\/dissertations\/6202."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Fraley, E. T. (2015). The relationship between service learning and the academic performance of at-risk students in an alternative high school. [Doctoral dissertation, William Woods University]. Available online: https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/dissertations-theses\/relationship-between-service-learning-academic\/docview\/1775739656\/se-2."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed, Seabury Press."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Furco, A. (1996). Service-learning: A balanced approach to experiential education. Expanding boundaries: Service and learning, Corporation for National Service."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Dumont, H., Istance, D., and Benavides, F. (2010). The community as a resource for learning: An analysis of academic service-learning in primary and secondary education. The nature of learning: Using research to inspire practice. Educational research and innovation, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Furco, A., and Billig, S. H. (2002). Service learning: The essence of the pedagogy, IAP."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/emip.12100","article-title":"Evaluation of dimensionality in the assessment of internal consistency reliability: Coefficient alpha and omega coefficients","volume":"34","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Hanna, M., and Treece, R. (2014). Promoting emotional intelligence in adolescence through service-learning. [Doctoral dissertation, Rowan University]. Available online: https:\/\/rdw.rowan.edu\/etd\/355\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Hattie, J. (2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture\u2019s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations, Sage Publications. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.3102\/0002831208316951","article-title":"Developing citizens: The impact of civic learning opportunities on students\u2019 commitment to civic participation","volume":"45","author":"Kahne","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Educational Research Journal"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalton, G. (2020). Introduction to survey sampling, Sage Publications.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781071909812"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development, Prentice Hall. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/235701029_Experiential_Learning_Experience_As_The_Source_Of_Learning_And_Development."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073917735902","article-title":"Improving emotional intelligence: A systematic review of existing work and future challenges","volume":"11","author":"Kotsou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emotion Review"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.06.009","article-title":"Construct and concurrent validity of the short- and long-form versions of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire","volume":"101","author":"Laborde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lave, J., and Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815355"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"425","article-title":"Effect size: A conceptual review and applications with the ViSta statistical system","volume":"40","author":"Ledesma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Revista Latinoamericana de Psicolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Cartwright, D. (1951). Field theory in social science: Selected theoretical papers, Harper & Row."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Martinez, A. (2021). Does service learning influence a learner\u2019s level of emotional intelligence? (Publication No. 28284937). [Doctoral dissertation, Saint Peter\u2019s University]. Available online: https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/openview\/28511e6045fcaa4a3c4ad."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17408989.2019.1670153","article-title":"Pre-service teachers learning through service-learning in a low SES school","volume":"25","author":"Marttinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"McFarland, R. H. (2014). The evaluation of an environmental leadership and service program\u2019s effectiveness. [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. Available online: https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/dissertations-theses\/evaluation-environmental-leadership-service\/docview\/1640743929\/se-2."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Melchior, A. (2025, October 11). National evaluation of serve-America (Subtitle B1). Final report. Evaluation of national and community service, Available online: https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED437573."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Melchior, A. (2025, October 11). National evaluation of learn and serve America school and community-based programs. Final report, Available online: https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED437575."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"373","article-title":"Service learning as an opportunity for personal and social transformation","volume":"21","author":"Meyers","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Teaching & Learning in Higher Education"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (2023). Education at a glance 2023: OECD indicators, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6zal, Z., Ambrosini, F., Biolcati, R., Trombini, E., Mavroveli, S., and Mancini, G. (2024). Exploring emotional intelligence in children using the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire: A systematic review. BMC Psychology, 12, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-02094-w"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Stough, C., Saklofske, D. H., and Parker, J. D. (2009). Psychometric properties of the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire. Advances in the assessment of emotional intelligence, Springer."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-9434.2010.01213.x","article-title":"Trait emotional intelligence theory","volume":"3","author":"Petrides","year":"2010","journal-title":"Industrial and Organizational Psychology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.12681\/psy_hps.23016","article-title":"Theory and applications of trait emotional intelligence","volume":"23","author":"Petrides","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychology: The Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073916650493","article-title":"Developments in trait emotional intelligence research","volume":"8","author":"Petrides","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emotion Review"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"252","article-title":"Sobre la validaci\u00f3n de constructo de la Inteligencia Emocional [About the validation of the construct of Emotional Intelligence]","volume":"1","year":"2003","journal-title":"Encuentros en Psicolog\u00eda Social"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pong, H.-K., and Lam, P. (2023). The effect of service learning on the development of trait emotional intelligence and adversity quotient in youths: An experimental study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20, (6).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20064677"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.1.1","article-title":"Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"132","author":"Roberts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431600020003004","article-title":"The effects of service-learning on middle school students\u2019 social responsibility and academic success","volume":"20","author":"Scales","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Early Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/105382590602900105","article-title":"Reducing academic achievement gaps: The role of community service and service-learning","volume":"29","author":"Scales","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Experiential Education"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.515313","article-title":"Towards an integrative taxonomy of social-emotional competences","volume":"12","author":"Schoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199803000-00015","article-title":"Service-learning: Community-campus partnerships for health professions education","volume":"73","author":"Seifer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"9","article-title":"Service-learning: Three principles","volume":"8","author":"Sigmon","year":"1979","journal-title":"Synergist"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3102\/0162373720929018","article-title":"Learning from cluster randomized trials in education: An assessment of the capacity of studies to determine what works, for whom, and under what conditions","volume":"42","author":"Spybrook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2020). State Law 3\/2020, of December 29, Which Amends State Law 2\/2006, of 3 May 2006, on Education. Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado, 340, 122868\u2013122888. Available online: https:\/\/www.boe.es\/diario_boe\/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2020-17264."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G., and Fidell, L. S. (2021). Using multivariate statistics, Pearson. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"The Jamovi Project (2025, October 11). Jamovi (Version 2.3) [Computer software], Available online: https:\/\/www.jamovi.org."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"The Roadmap Project (2015). Student engagement, motivation and beliefs survey status summary, The Roadmap Project. Available online: https:\/\/ydekc.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/09\/sems-status-update-july-2015.pdf."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society. The development of higher psychological processes, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Billig, S. H., and Waterman, A. S. (2003). Issues regarding the selection of variables for study in the context of the diversity of possible student outcomes of service-learning. Studying service-learning: Innovations in education research methodology, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2013). World medical association declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310, (20), 2191\u20132194.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Zull, J. E. (2002). The art of changing the brain. Enriching teaching by exploring the biology of learning, Stylus Publishing, LLC. Available online: http:\/\/jimmytorresecuador.pbworks.com\/w\/file\/fetch\/64302662\/The%2520Art%2520of%2520Changing%2520the%2520Brain.pdf."}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3200\/14\/8\/156\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T04:14:30Z","timestamp":1785730470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3200\/14\/8\/156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jintelligence14080156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jintelligence14080156","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-3200"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-3200","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}}}