{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:24:51Z","timestamp":1786973091105,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Academic procrastination is a widespread self-regulatory failure among university students and a costly one for both academic achievement and psychological well-being. In this study, procrastination was examined within the framework of non-cognitive individual differences. The model tested here posits that perfectionism and locus of control affect procrastination through negative automatic thoughts and general self-efficacy. These variable-centered analyses were then complemented with a person-centered approach in order to capture distinct risk profiles. Cross-sectional data were collected from 1003 Turkish university students (71.5% women; Mage = 21.93 years) and analyzed with structural equation modeling, latent profile analysis (LPA), and random forest regression. The structural model accounted for 62% of variance in procrastination (CFI = 0.958, RMSEA = 0.074). Based on these results, general self-efficacy was identified as a common pathway through which distal non-cognitive influences converge on procrastination. The direct effect of automatic thoughts was non-significant, whereas the indirect effect through self-efficacy was strong (indirect effect = 0.51, 95% CI [0.44, 0.58]). LPA identified three profiles: adaptive, average, and vulnerable; the vulnerable profile showed markedly higher procrastination than the adaptive profile (d = 1.21). Random forest analysis indicated no meaningful nonlinearity, with self-efficacy as the dominant predictor. These findings suggest that interventions may benefit from prioritizing general self-efficacy beliefs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence14080188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T12:01:26Z","timestamp":1786968086000},"page":"188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-Efficacy as a Common Pathway: How Non-Cognitive Individual Differences Shape Academic Procrastination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0731-6505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015eule Bet\u00fcl","family":"Tosunta\u015f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, Bursa Uluda\u011f University, Bursa 16059, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Otomatik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finin ge\u00e7erlik ve g\u00fcvenirli\u011fi [Validity and reliability of the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire]","volume":"7","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psikoloji Dergisi"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bandura, A. 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