{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:16:55Z","timestamp":1788236215446,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>There has been an increase in studies using Aha! ratings to explore insight in creative problem solving. Aha! moments are often assumed to serve as a marker for insight\u2014meaning that solutions are achieved via restructuring. However, similar to metacognitive paradigms that collect FOKs (Feelings of Knowing) or JOLs (Judgments of Learning) and JOUs (Judgments of Understanding) to track monitoring of memory, learning, and comprehension processes, Aha! ratings may be better considered as \u201cJudgments of Aha!\u201d or JOAs derived from an inferential process based on a variety of cues. Only some of these may directly reflect underlying problem-solving processes. Using a set of spatial object-move puzzles, this study explored JOAs and how they may vary (or fail to vary) with initial fixation, correct solution, and individual differences in growth mindset. Instead of JOAs being highest for solutions where an initial representation needed to be revised, they were highest for solutions where solvers made a correct first move. This suggests that Aha! experiences are more closely tied to achieving correct solutions than to restructuring processes. Individuals with a stronger growth mindset were more likely to associate these initially correct solutions with Aha! experiences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence14090198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T03:19:26Z","timestamp":1788232766000},"page":"198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aha! Ratings as Metacognitive Judgments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2590-7392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Wiley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2932-5856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taylor Strickland","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7771\/1932-6246.1123","article-title":"Investigating insight as sudden learning","volume":"4","author":"Ash","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Problem Solving"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.3758\/MC.36.4.822","article-title":"Hindsight bias in insight and mathematical problem solving: Evidence of different reconstruction mechanisms for metacognitive versus situational judgments","volume":"36","author":"Ash","year":"2008","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197424","article-title":"The effects of effort toward comprehension on recall","volume":"6","author":"Auble","year":"1978","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198259","article-title":"Effort toward comprehension: Elaboration or \u201caha\u201d?","volume":"7","author":"Auble","year":"1979","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"654","article-title":"Growth mindset and grit: How do university students\u2019 mindsets and grit affect their academic achievement?","volume":"13","author":"Barbouta","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Caring Sciences"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2020.1819297","article-title":"Verbal insight revisited\u2014Dissociable neurocognitive processes underlying solutions accompanied by an Aha! experience with and without prior restructuring","volume":"33","author":"Becker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"The temporal dynamics of insight problem solving\u2014Restructuring might not always be sudden","volume":"27","author":"Graf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thinking & Reasoning"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x","article-title":"Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention","volume":"78","author":"Blackwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196539","article-title":"Aha! 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