{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:41:26Z","timestamp":1792172486122,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has expanded opportunities for English learning beyond formal classroom settings. From an intelligence perspective, speaking in English as a foreign language (EFL) represents an applied domain in which learners must adaptively retrieve, integrate, monitor, and deploy linguistic knowledge under communicative demands. The present study examined the effects of a pedagogically guided form of AI-mediated informal digital learning of English (AI-IDLE) on Chinese university EFL learners\u2019 speaking ability, speaking anxiety, and speaking enjoyment. To this end, 89 Chinese university EFL learners participated in a 12-week intervention and were assigned to an experimental group (EG) or a control group (CG). Pre- and post-intervention evaluations were administered to assess the results, including standardized speaking skills and valid questionnaires regarding enjoyment and speaking anxiety. The English-speaking skills test and the two questionnaires were administered at post-test and again 10 weeks after the intervention as the delayed post-test. Mixed-effects modeling (MEM) was used, and the findings showed that the EG demonstrated significantly greater improvements in speaking ability and enjoyment and a greater reduction in speaking anxiety than the CG, with these between-group advantages evident at the post-test. Overall, the findings suggest that structured AI-IDLE can provide a digitally mediated context for intelligence-relevant adaptive learning by supporting communicative performance while fostering affective conditions conducive to its development. These findings have implications for understanding how digitally mediated informal learning environments may support adaptive intelligence in applied language-learning contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence14090204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:45:13Z","timestamp":1788241513000},"page":"204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["AI-Mediated Informal Digital Learning of English for Speaking Development: Longitudinal Effects on Ability and Affect and Implications for Adaptive Intelligence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Difei","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Languages, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3537-5279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8918-7613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunsong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1515\/applirev-2024-0199","article-title":"Modeling the contribution of shame, boredom, and enjoyment to multilingual students\u2019 willingness to communicate in a blended learning environment","volume":"17","author":"Bensalem","year":"2026","journal-title":"Applied Linguistics Review"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125241289192","article-title":"Modeling the contribution of grit, enjoyment, and boredom to predict English as a foreign language students\u2019 willingness to communicate in a blended learning environment","volume":"132","author":"Bensalem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Cambridge English Language Assessment (2015). 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