{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:06:38Z","timestamp":1789499198824,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research on the Coordinated Development of Adolescents\u2019Physical and Mental Health and Competitive Ability","award":["22200325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22200325"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025CDJSKZK26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025CDJSKZK26"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study explores the relationship between sports emotional intelligence and exercise adherence in adolescents and constructs a sequential mediation model through the mediating roles of exercise enjoyment and exercise identity. Methods: Using a school-based cross-sectional survey, 1278 adolescents aged 12\u201318 years from Anhui, Henan, Guangxi, and Chongqing were recruited and completed the Sports Emotional Intelligence Scale, Exercise Enjoyment Scale, Exercise Identity Scale, and Exercise Adherence Scale. Data were analyzed using Mplus 8.1 and SPSS 25.0. Common method bias was assessed with Harman\u2019s single-factor test. The measurement model was tested via confirmatory factor analysis, and chain indirect effects were examined using the bootstrap method. Results: The measurement model demonstrated good fit, and all scales showed satisfactory reliability and validity. (1) Sports emotional intelligence was significantly associated with exercise adherence (\u03b2 = 0.44, p &lt; 0.001); (2) exercise enjoyment (indirect effect = 0.109) and exercise identity (indirect effect = 0.094) each mediated the relationship, and the sequential path from sports emotional intelligence through exercise enjoyment to exercise identity and then to adherence was also significant (indirect effect = 0.079), with all bias-corrected bootstrap 95% confidence intervals excluding 0. Conclusion: Sports emotional intelligence was positively associated with exercise adherence in adolescents, and this association was partly explained by indirect associations involving exercise enjoyment and exercise identity. The findings suggest that affective valuation and exercise-related self-concept are important correlates within the proposed model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence14090222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:23:53Z","timestamp":1789496633000},"page":"222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sports Emotional Intelligence and Exercise Adherence in Adolescents: The Chain Mediating Role of Exercise Enjoyment and Exercise Identity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Donghuan","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xuerui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Pengwei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Guangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Laibin 546199, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0107-7152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peh.2025.100350","article-title":"Integrative self-regulation model for sport and exercise: Theory and implications for comprehensive training","volume":"13","author":"Alexander","year":"2025","journal-title":"Performance Enhancement & Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105855","article-title":"Examination of the psychometric properties of physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) based on classical test theory and item response theory","volume":"261","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, D., Pan, J., Ran, F., Bai, D., and Zhang, J. (2024). Effects of physical exercise input on the exercise adherence of college students: The chain mediating role of sports emotional intelligence and exercise self-efficacy. Journal of Intelligence, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence12100094"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1177\/003151259407800313","article-title":"Development of an exercise identity scale","volume":"78","author":"Anderson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2025.102963","article-title":"The peak and end rule, affect-related cognitions, enjoyment, and exercise frequency: A randomized controlled trial ancillary study","volume":"81","author":"Bastos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brand, R., and Cheval, B. (2019). Theories to explain exercise motivation and physical inactivity: Ways of expanding our current theoretical perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01147"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s12662-017-0477-9","article-title":"Affective-reflective theory of physical inactivity and exercise: Foundations and preliminary evidence","volume":"48","author":"Brand","year":"2018","journal-title":"German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2021.1992793","article-title":"Enhancing parental support through parent-education programs in youth sport: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Burke","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, R. (2020). Sports psychology in action, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003058939"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2017.1354054","article-title":"Validation of a Chinese version of the physical activity enjoyment scale: Factorial validity, measurement equivalence, and predictive validity","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsw103","article-title":"Peer support and adolescents\u2019 physical activity: The mediating roles of self-efficacy and enjoyment","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhs.2023.10.004","article-title":"Reasons and promotion strategies of physical activity constraints in obese\/overweight children and adolescents","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Medicine and Health Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, K., Chen, C., Yang, J., and Li, Z. (2026). The impact of peer effects on adolescents\u2019 physical exercise: A meta-synthesis study. Frontiers in Psychology, 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1748992"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010419-050937","article-title":"Self and others in adolescence","volume":"71","author":"Crone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17733","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-02967-6","article-title":"The development and validation of a universal enjoyment measure: The enjoy scale","volume":"42","author":"Davidson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, A. J., MacCarron, P., and Cohen, E. (2021). Social reward and support effects on exercise experiences and performance: Evidence from parkrun. PLoS ONE, 16, (9).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256546"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000155391.62733.A7","article-title":"Enjoyment mediates effects of a school-based physical-activity intervention","volume":"37","author":"Dishman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"217","article-title":"Relationship of role identity, intrinsic motivation, subjective exercise experience, and exercise behavior in adolescents","volume":"39","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Tianjin University of Sport"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feil, K., Fritsch, J., Weyland, S., and Jekauc, D. (2025). Examining the role of anticipated enjoyment and intention in predicting attendance in exercise classes. BMC Psychology, 13, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03216-8"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.70594\/brain\/16.1\/24","article-title":"Neuroscientific perspectives on emotional intelligence and self-regulation in individual sports","volume":"16","author":"Gakh","year":"2025","journal-title":"BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, H. J., G\u00f3mez, L. M., P\u00e9rez, T. J. A., Mu\u00f1oz, V. A. J., and Andreu, C. E. (2019). Perfectly active teenagers. When does physical exercise help psychological well-being in adolescents?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, (22).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224525"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peh.2024.100305","article-title":"Longitudinal relationships between emotional processes and perceived performances among athletes: The moderating effect of emotional intelligence","volume":"13","author":"Guillaume","year":"2025","journal-title":"Performance Enhancement & Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-025-00587-0","article-title":"The psychological impact of competitive sports participation on adolescent athletes: An analysis of coping mechanisms and performance outcomes","volume":"43","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30323-2","article-title":"Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: A pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1.6 million participants","volume":"4","author":"Guthold","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, L., Li, Y., and Chen, Z. (2022). The effect of subjective exercise experience on exercise behavior and amount of exercise in children and adolescents: The mediating effect of exercise commitment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, (17).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710829"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","article-title":"A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling","volume":"43","author":"Henseler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1080\/09589236.2021.1937077","article-title":"\u2018I Hate Physical Education\u2019; an analysis of girls\u2019 experiences throughout their school life","volume":"30","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Gender Studies"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2019-0089","article-title":"Increasing the pleasure and enjoyment of exercise: A novel resistance-training protocol","volume":"42","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jekauc, D., Fritsch, J., and Latinjak, A. T. (2021). Toward a theory of emotions in competitive sports. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.790423"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kopp, A., and Jekauc, D. (2025). Trait emotional intelligence in competitive sports: Are there differences in dimensions of emotional intelligence when comparing different sports?. BMC Psychology, 13, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-02563-w"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2018.1429612","article-title":"The dynamics of success and failure: How post-behaviour evaluations relate to subsequent exercise intentions and behaviour","volume":"33","author":"Kwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology & Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12510","article-title":"Emotional intelligence in sport and exercise: A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Laborde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119574","article-title":"Embodied well-being: Energy, exhaustion, and bodily difference among danish school children","volume":"405","author":"Laursen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"63","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the exercise identity scale in a college student sample","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lieberman, D. (2020). Exercised: Why something we never evolved to do is healthy and rewarding, Pantheon.","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoaa040"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"41","article-title":"Effects of adolescents\u2019 outdoor exercise motivation on exercise adherence: The mediating role of exercise climate","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"China Sport Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llamas-D\u00edaz, D., Cabello, R., G\u00f3mez-Leal, R., Guti\u00e9rrez-Cobo, M. J., Meg\u00edas-Robles, A., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Berrocal, P. (2023). Ability emotional intelligence and subjective happiness in adolescents: The role of positive and negative affect. Journal of Intelligence, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence11080166"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190997","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-0997","article-title":"Organized sports for children, preadolescents, and adolescents","volume":"143","author":"Logan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"17","article-title":"Bandura\u2019s self-efficacy theory of motivation in psychology","volume":"10","year":"2023","journal-title":"Simply Psychology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2024.102660","article-title":"Engagement of mental effort in response to mental fatigue: A psychophysiological analysis","volume":"74","author":"Lorcery","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073916639667","article-title":"The ability model of emotional intelligence: Principles and updates","volume":"8","author":"Mayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emotion Review"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200601102904","article-title":"Emotional intelligence: A theoretical overview and implications for research and professional practice in sport psychology","volume":"19","author":"Meyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Sport Psychology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/21679169.2019.1567808","article-title":"Physically inactive adolescents\u2019 experiences of engaging in physical activity","volume":"22","author":"Mikaelsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Physiotherapy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan, J. A., Bednarz, J. M., Semo, R., Clark, S. R., and Schubert, K. O. (2024). Long-term recreational exercise patterns in adolescents and young adults: Trajectory predictors and associations with health, mental-health, and educational outcomes. PLoS ONE, 19, (3).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284660"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12951","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between exercise identity and exercise motivation: A multilevel growth curve model approach","volume":"28","author":"Ntoumanis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2020.04.020","article-title":"Adolescent autonomous motivation for physical activity: A concept analysis","volume":"54","author":"Palmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Nursing"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2024.102641","article-title":"Exercise identity and physical activity behavior during late adolescence: A four-wave cross-lagged panel model","volume":"73","author":"Porter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2024.102755","article-title":"Affective experiences from exercise. Youth-adult differences and prediction of exercise behavior","volume":"76","author":"Ralf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2016.1143334","article-title":"Is physical activity a part of who I am? A review and meta-analysis of identity, schema and physical activity","volume":"10","author":"Rhodes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2024.2412996","article-title":"Intervention effects on physical activity identity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Rhodes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13617","article-title":"The bright and dark sides of motivation as predictors of enjoyment, intention, and exercise persistence","volume":"30","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Ariza, A., Moral-Garc\u00eda, J. E., Rusillo-Magdaleno, A., and Solas-Mart\u00ednez, J. L. (2026). Association between weekly moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and emotional intelligence factors in Spanish adolescents: Perspectives for digital and gamified interventions. Journal of Intelligence, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence14010005"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhs.2024.10.003","article-title":"Physical activity, exercise, and mental health of healthy adolescents: A review of the last 5 years","volume":"7","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports Medicine and Health Science"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68","article-title":"Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being","volume":"55","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2190\/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG","article-title":"Emotional intelligence","volume":"9","author":"Salovey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Imagination, Cognition and Personality"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, M. (2018). Intrinsic Motivation Mediates the Association between Exercise-Associated Affect and Physical Activity among Adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01151"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2013.04.005","article-title":"Psychological need satisfaction, intrinsic motivation and affective response to exercise in adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Schneider","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sette, S., Pecora, G., Laghi, F., and Coplan, R. J. (2023). Motivations for social withdrawal, mental health, and well-being in emerging adulthood: A person-oriented approach. Behavioral Sciences, 13, (12).","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13120977"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, T., and Zhou, X. (2023). Correlates of physical activity habits in adolescents: A systematic review. Frontiers in Physiology, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1131195"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, L., Jiang, L., Zhou, S., Zhou, W., and Yang, H. (2024). Self-appreciation is not enough: Exercise identity mediates body appreciation and physical activity and the role of perceived stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1377772"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephen, S., Noel, E. B., and Gavin, B. (2025). Core affective responses to light, moderate, and high intensity resistance exercise: A quasi-experimental study. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2026.2701831"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens, C. J., Baldwin, A. S., Bryan, A. D., Conner, M., Rhodes, R. E., and Williams, D. M. (2020). Affective determinants of physical activity: A conceptual framework and narrative review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.568331"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.32604\/ijmhp.2024.051842","article-title":"Impact of exercise atmosphere on adolescents\u2019 exercise behavior: Chain mediating effect of exercise identity and exercise habit","volume":"26","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health Promotion"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512518825201","article-title":"Does emotional intelligence predict athletes\u2019 motivation to participate in sports?","volume":"126","author":"Sukys","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00003.2022","article-title":"Even well-practiced movements benefit from repetition","volume":"127","author":"Sutter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/15588661241261997","article-title":"The impact of physical activity enjoyment, exercise self-efficacy, recording physical activity, and exercise goal setting on physical activity levels of college students","volume":"49","author":"Taylor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Recreational Sports Journal"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-9-78","article-title":"Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Teixeira","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02021-4","article-title":"A longitudinal mixed methods case study investigation of the academic, athletic, psychosocial and psychological impacts of being a sport school student athlete: F. Thompson et al","volume":"54","author":"Thompson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-01484-2","article-title":"FunQ: Measuring the fun experience of a learning activity with adolescents","volume":"42","author":"Tisza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2010.11.006","article-title":"The relationship of self-determination theory variables to exercise identity","volume":"12","author":"Vlachopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2020.103247","article-title":"Self-determination theory in physical education: A systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"99","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2025.103231","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on negative emotions in adolescents: Sequential mediation through psychological benefits and social self-efficacy","volume":"58","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine Reports"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5488","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56149-4","article-title":"The association between physical activity, self-efficacy, stress self-management and mental health among adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Bai, D., Qin, L., and Song, P. (2022). The development of the Chinese version of the sports emotional intelligence scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.984426"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Bai, D. H., Song, P. W., and Zhang, J. (2024). Effects of physical health beliefs on college students\u2019 physical exercise behavior intention: Mediating effects of exercise imagery. BMC Psychology, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01558-3"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-24273-4","article-title":"Transforming physical exertion into emotional agility via sequential empowerment of resilience and self-belief","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Bambling, M., Bai, X., and Edirippulige, S. (2023). Chinese school adolescents\u2019 stress experience and coping strategies: A qualitative study. BMC Psychology, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-023-01137-y"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3200\/14\/9\/222\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:41:57Z","timestamp":1789497717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3200\/14\/9\/222"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jintelligence14090222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jintelligence14090222","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-3200"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-3200","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}