{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T21:53:48Z","timestamp":1782424428741,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMMP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Powder-bed binder jet 3D printing is a flexible method for producing magnesium oxychloride (MOC)-based articles. Despite the great potential of this additive manufacturing technology for producing free-form MOC cement-based components, the influence of processing factors on final material performance has not yet been investigated and no general models exist for the selection of proper parameters with the desired quality. In the present work, the effect of six key manufacturing factors on the modulus of rupture of MOC cement-based components was studied, using an analysis of variance. The parametric analysis revealed that the material\u2019s strength was strongly influenced by three process inputs: particle size, the amount of binder, and layer thickness. The amount of binder was determined by the \u201crate of voxel\u201d and the \u201cpowder-bed density\u201d and required precise control during the printing process. The introduced quadratic regression model can assist operators in selecting a combination of binder jet process inputs to achieve predetermined final material performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp6040086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T02:42:53Z","timestamp":1660099373000},"page":"86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Binder Jetting 3D Printing of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement-Based Materials: Parametric Analysis of Manufacturing Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5281-9443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farid","family":"Salari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Bosetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9133-7204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo M.","family":"Sglavo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Trento Research Unit, Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, I., Rosen, D.W., Stucker, B., Khorasani, M., Rosen, D., Stucker, B., and Khorasani, M. (2021). Additive Manufacturing Technologies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-56127-7"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.01.013","article-title":"Printability, accuracy and strength of geopolymer made using powder-based 3D printing for construction applications","volume":"101","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-022-08831-y","article-title":"Fabrication of design-optimized multifunctional safety cage with conformal circuits for drone using hybrid 3D printing technology","volume":"120","author":"Goh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010609","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202010609","article-title":"Scaffold Fabrication Technologies and Structure\/Function Properties in Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"31","author":"Collins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001743","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202001743","article-title":"2D Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Nanomedicines: Recent Advances and Future Challenges","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Health Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2003387","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202003387","article-title":"3D Printing Materials for Soft Robotics","volume":"33","author":"Keneth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200621","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202200621","article-title":"Ultra-Low-Cost, Crosstalk-Free, Fast-Responding, Wide-Sensing-Range Tactile Fingertip Sensor for Smart Gloves","volume":"9","author":"Sinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.07.136","article-title":"Method of formulating geopolymer for 3D printing for construction applications","volume":"110","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.018","article-title":"Particle-bed 3D printing in concrete construction\u2014Possibilities and challenges","volume":"112","author":"Lowke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nematollahi, B., Xia, M., and Sanjayan, J. (2017). Current Progress of 3D Concrete Printing Technologies. ISARC. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, IAARC Publications.","DOI":"10.22260\/ISARC2017\/0035"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.939.177","article-title":"Influence of Binder Saturation Level on Compressive Strength and Dimensional Accuracy of Powder-Based 3D Printed Geopolymer","volume":"Volume 939","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Materials Science Forum"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shakor, P., Chu, S.H., Puzatova, A., and Dini, E. (2022). Review of binder jetting 3D printing in the construction industry. Prog. Addit. Manuf., 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-021-00252-9"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-016-2231-4","article-title":"Optimization of Binder Jetting Using Taguchi Method","volume":"69","author":"Shrestha","year":"2017","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106077","article-title":"Particle Bed 3D Printing by Selective Cement Activation\u2013Applications, Material and Process Technology","volume":"134","author":"Lowke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierre, A., and Perrot, A. (2019). 3D Printing by Selective Binding in a Particle Bed: Principles and Challenges. 3D Printing of Concrete: State of the Art and Challenges of the Digital Construction Revolution, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119610755.ch3"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4170","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00463","article-title":"Magnesia-Based Cements: A Journey of 150 Years, and Cements for the Future?","volume":"116","author":"Walling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7637","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-017-1013-x","article-title":"Kinetic Study of the Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Cure Reaction","volume":"52","author":"Wambaugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6726","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-011-5628-z","article-title":"Influence of Curing Temperature on the Evolution of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement","volume":"46","author":"Sglavo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.205","article-title":"Influence of Curing Regimes on Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement-Based Composites","volume":"102","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mprp.2019.05.001","article-title":"A Review of Binder Jet Process Parameters; Powder, Binder, Printing and Sintering Condition","volume":"75","author":"Dini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Met. Powder Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2009.03.002","article-title":"A Review of Process Development Steps for New Material Systems in Three Dimensional Printing (3DP)","volume":"10","author":"Utela","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Processes"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.04.012","article-title":"Binder Jetting of Ceramics: Powders, Binders, Printing Parameters, Equipment, and Post-Treatment","volume":"45","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of Printing Speed on Quality of Printed Parts in Binder Jetting Process","volume":"20","author":"Miyanaji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2020.100707","article-title":"Binder Jet 3D Printing\u2014Process Parameters, Materials, Properties, Modeling, and Challenges","volume":"119","author":"Mostafaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-010-2821-1","article-title":"Effects of Layer Thickness and Binder Saturation Level Parameters on 3D Printing Process","volume":"53","author":"Vaezi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farzadi, A., Solati-Hashjin, M., Asadi-Eydivand, M., and Abu Osman, N.A. (2014). Effect of Layer Thickness and Printing Orientation on Mechanical Properties and Dimensional Accuracy of 3D Printed Porous Samples for Bone Tissue Engineering. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108252"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.03.079","article-title":"Characterization of ceramic components fabricated using binder jetting additive manufacturing technology","volume":"42","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540210431004","article-title":"A robust process optimization for a powder type rapid prototyper","volume":"8","author":"Yao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.07.084","article-title":"Effects of Hot Isostatic Pressing on Copper Parts Fabricated via Binder Jet-ting","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.15302\/J-ENG-2015014","article-title":"Additive Manufacture of Ceramics Components by Inkjet Printing","volume":"1","author":"Derby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.065","article-title":"Material characteristics of binder jet 3D printed hydrated CSA cement with the addition of fine aggregates","volume":"206","author":"Ingaglio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcnther, D., and M\u00f6gele, F. (2016). Additive Manufacturing of Casting Tools Using Powder-Binder- Jetting Technology. New Trends 3D Print., 53\u201386.","DOI":"10.5772\/62532"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.1018.441","article-title":"3D Printing of Inorganic Sand Moulds for Casting Applica-tions","volume":"Volume 1018","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advanced Materials Research"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Miyanaji, H. (2019). Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing Process Fundamentals and the Resultant Influences on Part Quality. [Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Louisville]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.06.050","article-title":"3D Printing of Cao-Based Ceramic Core Using Nanozirconia Suspension as a Binder","volume":"37","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/10426914.2019.1675890","article-title":"Parameters optimization of binder jetting process using modified silicate as a binder","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2008.12.011","article-title":"Effect of particle size on three dimensional printed mesh structures","volume":"192","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Weger, D., Lowke, D., and Gehlen, C. (2016, January 29\u201331). 3D Printing of Concrete Structures Using the Selective Binding Method\u2013Effect of Concrete Technology on Contour Precision and Compressive Strength. Proceedings of the 11th fib International PhD Symposium in Civil Engineering, Tokyo, Japan."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"6","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing as an Enabling Technology for Digital Construction: A Perspective on Construction 4.0","volume":"4","author":"Craveiroa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"American Society for Testing and Materials (2002). ASTM C293, Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete Using Simple Beam with Center Point Loading, ASTM."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Montgomery, D.C. (2017). Design and Analysis of Experiments, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.27","article-title":"Fractional Factorial Design","volume":"1","author":"Gunst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. Stat."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Team RStudio (2020). RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R, PBC."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-019-04355-0","article-title":"Multi-Variable Statistical Models for Predicting Bead Geometry in Gas Metal Arc Welding","volume":"105","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.278-281.87","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of Silicate Glass in Ceramic Materials by the Rietveld Method","volume":"Volume 278","author":"Lutterotti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Materials Science Forum"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1524\/zksu.2007.2007.suppl_26.125","article-title":"Rietveld Texture Analysis from Diffraction Images","volume":"26","author":"Lutterotti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Z. Kristallogr."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"101712","article-title":"Finite Element Analysis on the Anisotropic Behavior of 3D Printed Concrete under Compression and Flexure","volume":"39","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"18","article-title":"Understanding Qq Plots","volume":"4","author":"Ford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Access Date"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Lanzetta, M., and Sachs, E. (2001). The Line Formation with Alumina Powders in Drop on Demand Three Dimensional Printing. PRIME 2001, 1st Int. CIRP Seminar on: PRogress in Innovative Manufacturing Engineering, Dipartimento di Ingegneria della Produzione, Universit\u00e0 di Genova."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2017.09.001","article-title":"A New Physics-Based Model for Equilibrium Saturation Determination in Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing Process","volume":"124","author":"Miyanaji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.13952","article-title":"A Regime Map for Granule Formation by Drop Impact on Powder Beds","volume":"59","author":"Emady","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2012.10.038","article-title":"Modeling the Granule Formation Mechanism from Single Drop Impact on a Powder Bed","volume":"393","author":"Emady","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4028\/p-7nxr9p","article-title":"Binder Jet 3D Printing of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement-Based Concrete: A Framework to Design the Rate of Voxel","volume":"Volume 919","author":"Salari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Key Engineering Materials"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8631","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b02417","article-title":"Intrusion of a Liquid Droplet into a Powder Under Gravity","volume":"32","author":"Boyce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, Y., Wall, C., Pham, H., Esker, A., and Williams, C.B. (2019). Characterizing Binder\u2013Powder Interaction in Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing via Sessile Drop Goniometry. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., 141.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4041624"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.2002.8527","article-title":"Drop Penetration into Porous Powder Beds","volume":"253","author":"Hapgood","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, J.J., Shu, H., and Kilambi, R. (2021). Experimental Investigation of Fluid-Particle Interaction in Binder Jet 3D Printing. Preprints, 2021010546.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202101.0546.v1"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Mangulkar, M., and Jamkar, S. (2013). Review of Particle Packing Theories Used for Concrete Mix Proportioning. Contrib. Pap., 141."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirzababaei, S., and Pasebani, S. (2019). A Review on Binder Jet Additive Manufacturing of 316L Stainless Steel. J. Manuf. Mater. Processing, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp3030082"}],"container-title":["Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-4494\/6\/4\/86\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:06:22Z","timestamp":1760141182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-4494\/6\/4\/86"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jmmp6040086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmmp6040086","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-4494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2504-4494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]}}}