{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:05:00Z","timestamp":1780351500025,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Histoplasmosis is a widespread systemic disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, prevalent in the Americas. Despite its significant morbidity and mortality rates, no vaccines are currently available. Previously, five vaccine targets and specific epitopes for H. capsulatum were identified. Immunoinformatics has emerged as a novel approach for determining the main immunogenic components of antigens through in silico methods. Therefore, we predicted the main helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes and B-cell epitopes for these targets to create a potential multi-epitope vaccine known as HistoVAC-TSFM. A total of 38 epitopes were found: 23 common to CTL and B-cell responses, 11 linked to HTL and B cells, and 4 previously validated epitopes associated with the B subunit of cholera toxin, a potent adjuvant. In silico evaluations confirmed the stability, non-toxicity, non-allergenicity, and non-homology of these vaccines with the host. Notably, the vaccine exhibited the potential to trigger both innate and adaptive immune responses, likely involving the TLR4 pathway, as supported by 3D modeling and molecular docking. The designed HistoVAC-TSFM appears promising against Histoplasma, with the ability to induce important cytokines, such as IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, IL17, and IL6. Future studies could be carried out to test the vaccine\u2019s efficacy in in vivo models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10010043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T03:43:00Z","timestamp":1704426180000},"page":"43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Design of a Multi-Epitope Vaccine against Histoplasma capsulatum through Immunoinformatics Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Pedro Henrique","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Interunits Program in Bioinformatics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary, Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8554-1660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandeep","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8813-8850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei Giacchetto","family":"Felice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38015-050, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0558-483X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arun Kumar","family":"Jaiswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Interunits Program in Bioinformatics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1067-1882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1via Figueira","family":"Aburjaile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary, Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4775-2280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasco","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario Le\u00f3n","family":"Silva-Vergara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-440, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6035-8392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kennio","family":"Ferreira-Paim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38015-050, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7299-3724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siomar de Castro","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38015-050, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5326-0776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Machado","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-350, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2410.180032","article-title":"Mapping Histoplasma capsulatum Exposure, United States","volume":"24","author":"Maiga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. 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