{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:46:01Z","timestamp":1791243961197,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNPq\u2014Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["442448\/2019-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["442448\/2019-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis that is diagnosed by visualizing the fungus in clinical samples or by other methods, like serological techniques. However, all PCM diagnostic methods have limitations. The aim of this study was to develop a diagnostic tool for PCM based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A total of 224 serum samples were included: 132 from PCM patients and 92 constituting the control group (50 from healthy blood donors and 42 from patients with other systemic mycoses). Samples were analyzed by attenuated total reflection (ATR) and a t-test was performed to find differences in the spectra of the two groups. The wavenumbers that had p &lt; 0.05 had their diagnostic potential evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The spectral region with the lowest p value was used for variable selection through principal component analysis (PCA). The selected variables were used in a linear discriminant analysis (LDA). In univariate analysis, the ROC curves with the best performance were obtained in the region 1551\u20131095 cm\u22121. The wavenumber that had the highest AUC value was 1264 cm\u22121, achieving a sensitivity of 97.73%, specificity of 76.01%, and accuracy of 94.22%. The total separation of groups was obtained in the PCA performed with a spectral range of 1551\u20131095 cm\u22121. LDA performed with the eight wavenumbers with the greatest weight from the group discrimination in the PCA obtained 100% accuracy. The methodology proposed here is simple, fast, and highly accurate, proving its potential to be applied in the diagnosis of PCM. The proposed method is more accurate than the currently known diagnostic methods, which is particularly relevant for a neglected tropical mycosis such as paracoccidioidomycosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10020147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T11:30:12Z","timestamp":1707737412000},"page":"147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Rapid Classification of Serum from Patients with Paracoccidioidomycosis Using Infrared Spectroscopy, Univariate Statistics, and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Koehler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program of Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria L\u00facia","family":"Scroferneker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program of Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-5187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolas Mateus Pereira","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul-UNISC, Santa Cruz do Sul 96815-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Cezar","family":"de Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program of Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Aparecida Soares","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Diseases Area, School of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"de Souza Cavalcante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Diseases Area, School of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0661-5917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rinaldo P\u00f4ncio","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Diseases Area, School of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8052-5354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeriano Antonio","family":"Corbellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, Humanities and Education, Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul-UNISC, Santa Cruz do Sul 96815-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801711010224","article-title":"Paracoccidioidomycosis: Current Perspectives from Brazil","volume":"11","author":"Mendes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Microbiol. 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