{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:23:42Z","timestamp":1790036622679,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre for Agriculture, Food and Environmental Management (CAFEM) Research, University of Hertfordshire"},{"name":"the Sir Samuel Scott of Yews Trust"},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic"},{"name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycoviruses are viruses that infect fungi and are widespread across all major fungal taxa, exhibiting great biological diversity. Since their discovery in the 1960s, researchers have observed a myriad of fungal phenotypes altered due to mycoviral infection. In this review, we examine the nuanced world of mycoviruses in the context of the medically and agriculturally important fungal genus, Aspergillus. The advent of RNA sequencing has revealed a previous underestimate of viral prevalence in fungi, in particular linear single-stranded RNA viruses, and here we outline the diverse viral families known to date that contain mycoviruses infecting Aspergillus. Furthermore, we describe these novel mycoviruses, highlighting those with peculiar genome structures, such as a split RNA dependent RNA polymerase gene. Next, we delineate notable mycovirus-mediated phenotypes in Aspergillus, in particular reporting on observations of mycoviruses that affect their fungal host\u2019s virulence and explore how this may relate to virus-mediated decreased stress tolerance. Furthermore, mycovirus effects on microbial competition and antifungal resistance are discussed. The factors that influence the manifestation of these phenotypes, such as temperature, fungal life stage, and infection with multiple viruses, among others, are also evaluated. In addition, we attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underpin these phenotypes, examining how mycoviruses can be targets, triggers, and even suppressors of RNA silencing and how this can affect fungal gene expression and phenotypes. Finally, we highlight the potential therapeutic applications of mycoviruses and how, in an approach analogous to bacteriophage therapy, their ability to produce hypovirulence in Aspergillus might be used to attenuate invasive aspergillosis infections in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10080585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T06:41:31Z","timestamp":1724049691000},"page":"585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Expanding Mycovirome of Aspergilli"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Josephine L.","family":"Battersby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9350-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert H. A.","family":"Coutts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8614-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladim\u00edr","family":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Palacky University, 17. Listopadu 2, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe L.","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Sass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3277-6359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioly","family":"Kotta-Loizou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1038\/196962a0","article-title":"Viruses associated with a die-back disease of cultivated mushroom","volume":"196","author":"Hollings","year":"1962","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.02.034","article-title":"50-plus years of fungal viruses","volume":"479","author":"Ghabrial","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.01.049","article-title":"Mycoviruses","volume":"32","author":"Myers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. 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