{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:09:30Z","timestamp":1789168170901,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Monastir, Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}]},{"name":"University of Monastir, Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research","award":["GIC 21\/24 IT-1607-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GIC 21\/24 IT-1607-22"]}]},{"name":"Basque Government","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}]},{"name":"Basque Government","award":["GIC 21\/24 IT-1607-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GIC 21\/24 IT-1607-22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research on the microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis in autism has primarily focused on bacteria, with limited attention to fungi. There is a growing interest in understanding the involvement of fungi, particularly Candida, in patients with autism spectrum disorder. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, antifungal susceptibility profiles and virulence factors of Candida isolates from the guts of Tunisian children with autism. Twenty-eight children with autism and forty-six controls were enrolled. Candida isolates from the faecal samples were identified using biochemical and molecular methods; antifungal susceptibility testing was determined by the EUCAST broth microdilution method and virulence factors, including biofilm formation, cell surface hydrophobicity and phospholipase and proteinase activities, were assessed in vitro. As a result, Candida was detected in 13 children with autism (46.4%) and 14 control children (30.4%). Candida albicans was found to be the most common species isolate in the faeces of both groups of children. Antifungal susceptibility profiles showed that one Candida isolate was resistant to amphotericin B and anidulafungin (3.7%), six were resistant to micafungin (22.2%) and five were resistant to fluconazole (18.5%). All Candida isolates were biofilm producers. Of the twenty-seven isolates, only four showed phospholipase activity (14.8%), eight showed aspartyl-proteinase activity (29.6%) and nine were hydrophobic (33.3%). These results highlight the presence of Candida in the guts of children with autism, as well as the ability to express multiple virulence factors and the antifungal resistance, and they emphasize the need for further studies to confirm intestinal Candida colonization and its potential role in autism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10110730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T06:11:25Z","timestamp":1729577485000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterization of Yeast Isolated from the Gut Microbiota of Tunisian Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7839-6784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariem","family":"Chamtouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos L\u00e1cteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances LR99ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4427-0208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abderrahmen","family":"Merghni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance LR99ES09, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1102-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Miranda-Cadena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV\/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1366-1102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nabil","family":"Sakly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (code LR12ES08), Department of Clinical Biology B, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7219-9376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoufel","family":"Gaddour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Psychiatry, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9396-6311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara G.","family":"de Los Reyes-Gavil\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos L\u00e1cteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain"},{"name":"Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3630-5255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha","family":"Mastouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances LR99ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9043-9265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Eraso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV\/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0438-2248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Quind\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV\/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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