{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:20:32Z","timestamp":1789424432298,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]],"date-time":"2024-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana (Conselleria de Innovaci\u00f3n, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AICO\/2021\/068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AICO\/2021\/068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana (Conselleria de Innovaci\u00f3n, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["910939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["910939"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana (Conselleria de Innovaci\u00f3n, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-126310OA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-126310OA-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Complutense University of Madrid Research Group","award":["AICO\/2021\/068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AICO\/2021\/068"]}]},{"name":"Complutense University of Madrid Research Group","award":["910939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["910939"]}]},{"name":"Complutense University of Madrid Research Group","award":["PID2021-126310OA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-126310OA-I00"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Agencia Espa\u00f1ola de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["AICO\/2021\/068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AICO\/2021\/068"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Agencia Espa\u00f1ola de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["910939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["910939"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Agencia Espa\u00f1ola de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["PID2021-126310OA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-126310OA-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungal keratitis (FK), a severe eye infection that leads to vision impairment and blindness, poses a high risk to contact lens users, and Candida albicans remains the most common underpinning fungal pathogen in temperate climates. Patients are initially treated empirically (econazole 1% drops hourly for 24\u201348 h), and if there is no response, amphotericin B (AmB) 0.15% eye drops (extemporaneously manufactured to be stable for a week) are the gold-standard treatment. Here, we aim to develop a sustained-release AmB ocular film to treat FK with an enhanced corneal retention time. As there is a paucity of reliable in vitro models to evaluate ocular drug release and antifungal efficacy under flow, we developed a 3D-printed microfluidic device based on four chambers stacked in parallel, in which lenses previously inoculated with a C. albicans suspension were placed. Under the flow of a physiological fluid over 24 h, the release from the AmB-loaded film that was placed dry onto the surface of the wetted contact lenses was quantified, and their antifungal activity was assessed. AmB sodium deoxycholate micelle (dimeric form) was mixed with sodium alginate and hyaluronic acid (3:1 w\/w) and cast into films (0.48 or 2.4%), which showed sustained release over 24 h and resulted in a 1.23-fold reduction and a 5.7-fold reduction in CFU\/mL of C. albicans, respectively. This study demonstrates that the sustained delivery of dimeric AmB can be used for the treatment of FK and provides a facile in vitro microfluidic model for the development and testing of ophthalmic antimicrobial therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10110762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T10:57:20Z","timestamp":1730717840000},"page":"762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Amphotericin B Ocular Films for Fungal Keratitis and a Novel 3D-Printed Microfluidic Ocular Lens Infection Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8966-1452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrysi","family":"Rapti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis C.","family":"Luciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0846-9044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brayan J.","family":"Anaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca I.","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2024-4251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baris","family":"Ongoren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5468-1863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Auxiliadora","family":"Dea-Ayuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4791-7468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Lalatsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRUK Formulation Unit, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, John Arbuthnot Building, Robertson Wing, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0475-8420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dolores R.","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ting, D.S.J., Galal, M., Kulkarni, B., Elalfy, M.S., Lake, D., Hamada, S., Said, D.G., and Dua, H.S. 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