{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:36:17Z","timestamp":1760146577917,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mucormycosis is a rare, severe fungal infection mainly affecting immunocompromised individuals. Because of limited data on its epidemiology in Oman, we present this national, multicentric, retrospective review that includes all cases of proven mucormycosis between 2006 and 2022 in Oman. There were 51 cases of mucormycosis reported in Oman. The annual incidence of mucormycosis was 0.38\u20130.69 cases per million population before COVID-19. During the pandemic, the incidence rose significantly to 1.76 in 2020, 5.31 in 2021, then decreased to 0.87 per million population in 2022. Diabetes was observed in 82.4% (n = 42) of the cases, COVID-19 in 47.1% (n = 24), and other chronic diseases in 72.6%. The use of steroids was reported in 33.3% (n = 17) and many patients (64.7%, n = 33) had multiple risk factors. The overall mortality rate was 41.2% (n = 21) and most deaths occurred within a month of diagnosis. Mortality rate among patients diagnosed with COVID-19 was 58.3% (14\/24). Survival analysis showed a statistically significant association between COVID-19 status and patient survival (p = 0.024). Annual incidence of mucormycosis in Oman rose during the pandemic. This study highlights the epidemiological features of mucormycosis and emphasizes the importance of its inclusion in the national notifiable communicable diseases priority list as well as the importance of enhancing diagnostic capacities to detect and improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10110796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T06:59:13Z","timestamp":1731653953000},"page":"796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Rising Threat of Mucormycosis: Oman\u2019s Experience Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Amina","family":"Al-Jardani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Public Health Laboratories, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Muscat 100, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5052-0800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adil","family":"Al-Wahaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surveillance Department, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Muscat 100, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azza","family":"Al Rashdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Public Health Laboratories, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Muscat 100, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bram","family":"Spruijtenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboudumc-CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ)\/Dicoon, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noora","family":"AlBulushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Public Health Laboratories, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Muscat 100, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Sandhya","family":"Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Public Health Laboratories, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Muscat 100, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"AlKindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Public Health Laboratories, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Muscat 100, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Al-Yaquobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Muscat 100, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bader","family":"Al-Rawahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Muscat 100, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9836-4368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asma","family":"AlBalushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"Al Azri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Public Health Laboratories, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Muscat 100, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3253-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques F.","family":"Meis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboudumc-CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"AlBuloshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surveillance Department, Disease Surveillance and Control, Directorate General of Health Services South Batinah Governorate, Ministry of Health, Muscat 100, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2669-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seif","family":"Al-Abri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Hospital, Muscat 111, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al-Harrasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5206-2647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah M. S.","family":"Al-Hatmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboudumc-CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8322-8331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal","family":"Al Maani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Muscat 100, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skiada, A., Pavleas, I., and Drogari-Apiranthitou, M. (2020). Epidemiology and diagnosis of mucormycosis: An update. J. 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