{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T20:04:55Z","timestamp":1784405095358,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,30]],"date-time":"2015-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Histoplasmosis and blastomycosis are geographically restricted dimorphic fungi that cause infection after the conidia produced in the mold phase are inhaled into the lungs. In the lungs, at 37 \u00b0C, these organisms undergo transformation into the yeast phase.  In transplant recipients, infection can occur by exposure to the mold in the environment,  by reactivation of infection that had occurred previously and had been controlled by the host until immunosuppressive medications were given post-transplantation, and finally by transmission from the donor organ in the case of histoplasmosis. In transplant recipients, disseminated infection is common, and pulmonary infection is more likely to be severe than in a non-immunosuppressed person. Diagnosis has been improved, allowing earlier treatment, with the use of rapid antigen tests performed on serum and urine. Initial treatment, for all but the mildest cases of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis, should be with  a lipid formulation of amphotericin B. After clinical improvement has occurred, step-down therapy with itraconazole is recommended for a total of 12 months for most transplant recipients, but some patients will require long-term suppressive therapy to prevent relapse of disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof1020094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,30]],"date-time":"2015-06-30T11:40:13Z","timestamp":1435664413000},"page":"94-106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Histoplasmosis and Blastomycosis in Solid Organ  Transplant Recipients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Carol","family":"Kauffman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2215 Fuller Road, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor,  MI 48105, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan  Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Miceli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan  Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1086\/651262","article-title":"Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients in the United States: Results of the transplant-associated infection surveillance network (TRANSNET)","volume":"50","author":"Pappas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. 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