{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T13:17:22Z","timestamp":1780060642651,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,31]],"date-time":"2015-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"None"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The diagnosis of invasive candidiasis (IC) and cryptococcosis is often complicated by slow and insensitive culture-based methods. Such delay results in poor outcomes due to the lack of timely therapeutic interventions. Advances in serological, biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches have made a favorable impact on this process, improving the timeliness and accuracy of diagnosis with resultant improvements in outcome. This paper will serve as an overview of recent developments in the diagnostic approaches to infections due to these important yeast-fungi.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof1020217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T10:55:58Z","timestamp":1441104958000},"page":"217-251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Application of Culture-Independent Rapid Diagnostic Tests in the Management of Invasive Candidiasis and Cryptococcosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Pfaller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Biosystems, Lexington, MA 02421, USA\u00a0"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165rv13","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","article-title":"Hidden killers: Human fungal infections","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1086\/502451","article-title":"Nosocomial candidemia: An ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure","volume":"25","author":"Diekema","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1086\/497138","article-title":"The changing face of fungal infections in healthcare settings","volume":"41","author":"Fridkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1519-1527.2004","article-title":"Incidence of bloodstream infections due to Candida species and in vitro susceptibilities of isolates collected from 1998 to 2000 in a population-based active surveillance program","volume":"42","author":"Hajjeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1086\/322606","article-title":"Trends in mortality due to invasive mycotic diseases in the United States, 1988\u20131997","volume":"33","author":"McNeil","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1086\/432060","article-title":"Emerging fungal diseases","volume":"41","author":"Nucci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4419","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.10.4419-4431.2004","article-title":"Rare and emerging opportunistic fungal pathogens: Concern for resistance beyond Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"42","author":"Pfaller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1470-9465.2004.t01-1-00844.x","article-title":"Twelve years of fluconazole in clinical practice: Global trends in species distribution and fluconazole susceptibility of bloodstream isolates of Candida","volume":"10","author":"Pfaller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00029-06","article-title":"The epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: A persistent public health problem","volume":"20","author":"Pfaller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/27.5.1138","article-title":"The epidemiological features of invasive mycotic infections in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1992\u20131993: Results of a population-based laboratory active surveillance","volume":"27","author":"Rees","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1086\/342300","article-title":"National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System Hospitals. Secular trend of hospital-acquired candidemia among intensive care unit patients in the United States during 1989\u20131999","volume":"35","author":"Trick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1470-9465.2004.00839.x","article-title":"Infections due to emerging and uncommon medically important fungal pathogens","volume":"10","author":"Walsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wingard, J.R., and Anaissie, E.J. (2005). Fungal Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/b14156"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1086\/319985","article-title":"Invasive mold infections in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients","volume":"32","author":"Baddley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1086\/321811","article-title":"Risk factors for candidal bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit patients: The NEMIS prospective multicenter study","volume":"33","author":"Blumberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wingard, J.R., and Anaissie, E.J. (2005). Fungal Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/b14156"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wingard, J.R., and Anaissie, E.J. (2005). Fungal Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/b14156"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wingard, J.R., and Anaissie, E.J. (2005). Fungal infections in the Immunocompromised Patient, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/b14156"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1086\/322685","article-title":"Fungal infections in older adults","volume":"33","author":"Kauffman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.3.638-680.2004","article-title":"Clinical microbiology of bacterial and fungal sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants","volume":"17","author":"Kaufman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wingard, J.R., and Anaissie, E.J. (2005). Fungal Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/b14156"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1086\/339202","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients","volume":"34","author":"Marr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wingard, J.R., and Anaissie, E.J. (2005). Fungal Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/b14156"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200007000-00006","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis: Disease spectrum, treatment practices, and outcomes","volume":"79","author":"Patterson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1210-9","article-title":"Neonatal candidiasis: Analysis of epidemiology, drug susceptibility, and molecular typing of causative isolates","volume":"23","author":"Roilides","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200004000-00011","article-title":"Risk factors for candidemia in neonatal intensive care unit patients","volume":"19","author":"Saiman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(02)00067-3","article-title":"Fungal infections in recipients of solid organ transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3062.1999.010404.x","article-title":"Emerging fungal pathogens: Evolving challenges to immunocompromised patients for the twenty-first century","volume":"1","author":"Walsh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1086\/421946","article-title":"Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: Analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study","volume":"39","author":"Wisplinghoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1086\/496922","article-title":"The epidemiology and attributable outcomes of candidemia in adults and children hospitalized in the United States: A propensity analysis","volume":"41","author":"Zaoutis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1086\/368091","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of cryptococcosis: An update from population-based active surveillance in 2 large metropolitan areas, 1992\u20132000","volume":"36","author":"Mirza","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"35","article-title":"The fungal pathogen shift in the United States","volume":"16","author":"Pfaller","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Crit. Illness"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.10.003","article-title":"Cryptococcosis diagnosis and treatment: What do we know now?","volume":"78","author":"Perfect","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1086\/504491","article-title":"Contemporary tools for the diagnosis and management of invasive mycoses","volume":"43","author":"Alexander","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00053-10","article-title":"Histopathologic diagnosis of fungal infections in the 21st century","volume":"24","author":"Guarner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"24","article-title":"Fungal diagnostics: Review of commercially available methods","volume":"968","author":"Marcos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Anaissie, E.J., McGinnis, M.R., and Pfaller, M.A. (2009). Clinical Mycology, Elsevier, Inc.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Versalovic, J., Carroll, K.C., Funke, G., Jorgensen, J.H., Landry, M.L., and Warnock, D.W. (2011). Manual of Clinical Microbiology, ASM Press. [10th ed.].","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555816728"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00091-13","article-title":"Molecular and nonmolecular diagnostic methods for invasive fungal infections","volume":"27","author":"Arvanitis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1086\/504810","article-title":"Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: A multi-institutional study","volume":"43","author":"Garey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.9.3640-3645.2005","article-title":"Delaying the empiric treatment of Candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: A potential risk factor for hospital mortality","volume":"49","author":"Morrel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.40.4.333.357","article-title":"A review of nucleic acid-based diagnostic tests for systemic mycoses with an emphasis on polymerase chain reaction-based assays","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.465-484.2002","article-title":"Current status of nonculture methods for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections","volume":"15","author":"Yeo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01602-10","article-title":"PCR diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Avni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit006","article-title":"Finding the \u201cmissing 50%\u201d of invasive candidiasis: How nonculture diagnostics will improve the understanding of disease spectrum and transform patient care","volume":"56","author":"Clancy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12360","article-title":"ESCMID and ECMM joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of rare invasive yeast infections","volume":"20","author":"Arendrup","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(02)00069-7","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of invasive mycoses","volume":"17","author":"Shea","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3300","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00179-11","article-title":"Diagnostic issues, clinical characteristics, and outcomes for patients with fungemia","volume":"49","author":"Arendrup","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70184-7","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of bacteremia and fungemia","volume":"15","author":"Magadia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-010-0069-1","article-title":"Blood cultures: Key elements for best practices and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Riedel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.3.444","article-title":"Update on bacteremia and fungemia","volume":"10","author":"Reimer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.1.115-118.2004","article-title":"Direct comparison of the BACTEC 9240 and BacT\/ALERT 3D automated blood culture systems for Candida growth detection","volume":"42","author":"Horvath","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.2.773-777.2004","article-title":"Comparison of Mycosis IC\/F and Plus Aerobic\/F media for diagnosis of fungemia by the Bactec 9240 system","volume":"42","author":"Meyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00029-06","article-title":"Candidemia in Norway, 1991 to 2003: Results from a nationwide study","volume":"44","author":"Sandven","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-2712(18)30396-2","article-title":"Laboratory detection of fungemia","volume":"14","author":"Geha","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00578290","article-title":"Laboratory aids in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis","volume":"120","author":"Pfaller","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.07.007","article-title":"Comparison of the T2DX instrument with T2Candida assay and automated blood culture in the detection of Candida species using seeded blood samples","volume":"77","author":"Beyda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02260-10","article-title":"Comparison of BD Bactec Plus Aerobic\/F medium to VersaTREK Redox 1 blood culture medium for detection of Candida spp. in seeded blood culture specimens containing therapeutic levels of antifungal agents","volume":"49","author":"Riedel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12039","article-title":"ESCMID guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: Non-neutropenic adult patients","volume":"18","author":"Cornely","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12038","article-title":"ESCMID guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: Diagnostic procedures","volume":"18","author":"Verweij","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1086\/596757","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"48","author":"Pappas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12041","article-title":"ESCMID guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: Adults with haematological malignancies and after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT)","volume":"18","author":"Ullmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.120","article-title":"Enhancing molecular approaches for diagnosis of fungal infections","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1556\/EuJMI.4.2014.1.1","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of sepsis: New aspects and recent developments","volume":"4","author":"Liesenfeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis200","article-title":"Performance of Candida real-time polymerase chain reaction, \u03b2-d-glucan assay, and blood cultures in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis","volume":"54","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00945-09","article-title":"Effect of antifungal therapy on mortality in cancer patients with candidemia","volume":"54","author":"Taur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2001.130906","article-title":"Mulitisite validation of cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay and quantification by laser thermal contrast","volume":"20","author":"Boulware","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1110404","article-title":"Combination antifungal therapy for cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"368","author":"Day","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3074","article-title":"An insight into the antifungal pipeline: Selected new molecules and beyond","volume":"9","author":"Casdevall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(02)00068-5","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of antifungal compounds","volume":"17","author":"Groll","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(02)00070-3","article-title":"Immunomodulation of invasive fungal infections","volume":"17","author":"Roilides","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1086\/507891","article-title":"New agents for the treatment of fungal infections: clinical efficacy and gaps in coverage","volume":"42","author":"Spanakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.8.1923-1929.1994","article-title":"CHROMagar Candida, a new differential isolation medium for presumptive identification of clinically important Candida species","volume":"32","author":"Odds","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.1.58-61.1996","article-title":"Application of CHROMagar Candida for rapid screening of clinical specimens, for Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata","volume":"34","author":"Pfaller","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.4.1727-1731.2005","article-title":"CHROMagar Candida medium for direct susceptibility testing of yeast from blood cultures","volume":"43","author":"Tan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2002). National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards: Abbreviated identification of bacteria and yeasts: Approved Guideline NCCLS document M35-A, NCCLS."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.2.454-456.1996","article-title":"Direct identification and recognition of yeast species from clinical material by using Albicans ID and CHROMagar Candida plates","volume":"34","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2005.10.011","article-title":"Cost savings with implementation of PNA FISH testing for identification of Candida albicans in blood cultures","volume":"54","author":"Alexander","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00751-06","article-title":"Peptide Nucleic Acid Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization-based identification of Candida albicans and its impact on mortality and antifungal therapy costs","volume":"44","author":"Forrest","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4138","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.11.4138-4141.2001","article-title":"Differentiation of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis by fluorescent in situ hybridization with peptide nucleic acid probes","volume":"39","author":"Oliveira","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.2182-2186.2002","article-title":"Fluorescence in situ hybridization with peptide nucleic acid probes for rapid identification of Candida albicans directly from blood culture bottles","volume":"40","author":"Rigby","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.6.2909-2912.2005","article-title":"Multicenter evaluation of a Candida albicans peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization probe for characterization of yeast isolates from blood cultures","volume":"43","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Larone, D.H. (2014). Medically important fungi: A guide to identification, American Society for Microbiology. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3804","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.12.3804-3808.1999","article-title":"Identification of Candida dubliniensis based on temperature and utilization of xylose and \u03b1-methyl-D-glucoside as determined with the API 20C AUX and Vitek YBC systems","volume":"37","author":"Gales","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.7.2093-2095.1998","article-title":"Simple, inexpensive, reliable method for differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans","volume":"36","author":"Pinjon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101510","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101510","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcomes of invasive candidiasis due to non-albicans species of Candida in 2,496 patients: Data from the Prospective Antifungal Therapy (PATH) registry 2004\u20132008","volume":"9","author":"Pfaller","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12206","article-title":"Regional data analysis of Candida non-albicans strains collected in United States medical sites over a 6-year period, 2006\u20132011","volume":"57","author":"Pfaller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1086\/499057","article-title":"Current treatment strategies for disseminated candidiasis","volume":"42","author":"Spellberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010223","article-title":"Hospital infection control in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients","volume":"7","author":"Dykewicz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wingard, J.R., and Anaissie, E.J. (2005). Fungal Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/b14156"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1086\/342384","article-title":"Has antifungal susceptibility testing come of age?","volume":"35","author":"Rex","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(97)00009-6","article-title":"Evaluation of growth characteristics on blood agar and eosin methylene blue agar for the identification of Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata","volume":"29","author":"Bale","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00003-14","article-title":"Emerging technologies for the clinical microbiology laboratory","volume":"27","author":"Buchan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00072-12","article-title":"Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry: A fundamental shift in the routine practice of clinical microbiology","volume":"26","author":"Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.40.1.87.109","article-title":"Utilization of the internal transcribed spacer regions as molecular targets to detect and identify human fungal pathogens","volume":"40","author":"Iwen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00913-12","article-title":"Assessment of accuracy of identification of pathogenic yeasts in microbiology laboratories in the United Kingdom","volume":"50","author":"Borman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-012-9551-x","article-title":"Significance of molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility of clinical yeasts and moulds in a global antifungal surveillance program","volume":"174","author":"Pfaller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5099","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.11.5099-5102.2003","article-title":"Experience with the MicroSeq D2 large-subunit ribosomal DNA sequencing kit for identification of commonly encountered, clinically important yeast species","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.2.622-626.2004","article-title":"Experience with the MicroSeq D2 large-subunit ribosomal DNA sequencing kit for identification of filamentous fungi encountered in the clinical laboratory","volume":"42","author":"Hall","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06148-11","article-title":"Evaluation of the Yeast Traffic Light\u2122 PNA FISH; probes for the identification of Candida species from positive blood cultures","volume":"50","author":"Hall","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-014-0415-z","article-title":"Update on fungal diagnostics","volume":"16","author":"Griffin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu292","article-title":"Emerging technologies for rapid identification of bloodstream pathogens","volume":"59","author":"Kothari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500160793","article-title":"Infections in a neonate caused by Pichia fabianii: Importance of molecular identification","volume":"44","author":"Bhally","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00390-06","article-title":"Rapid identification of ascomycetous yeasts from clinical specimens by a molecular method based on flow cytometry and comparison with identifications from phenotypic assays","volume":"44","author":"Page","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3777","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01135-11","article-title":"Evaluation of Luminex xTAG fungal analyte-specific reagents for rapid identification of clinically relevant fungi","volume":"49","author":"Babady","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00223-07","article-title":"Identification of genotypically diverse Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolates by Luminex xMAP technology","volume":"45","author":"Bovers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32834e0680","article-title":"The case for antifungal stewardship","volume":"25","author":"Slavin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit578","article-title":"Better tests, better care: Improved diagnostics for infectious diseases","volume":"57","author":"Caliendo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wingard, J.R., and Anaissie, E.J. (2005). Fungal Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/b14156"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.05031.x","article-title":"Advances in the molecular and serological diagnosis of invasive fungal infection in haemato-oncology patients","volume":"126","author":"McLintock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Hae. Matol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/714043892","article-title":"Reflections on the question: What does molecular mycology have to do with the clinical treating of the patient?","volume":"41","author":"Odds","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.5.2181-2187.2005","article-title":"Comparison of non-culture-based methods for detection of systemic fungal infections, with an emphasis on invasive Candida infections","volume":"43","author":"White","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1086\/340263","article-title":"Antifungal chemoprophylaxis after blood and marrow transplantation","volume":"34","author":"Wingard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3894","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01045-06","article-title":"Measurement of serum D-arabinitol\/creatinine ratios for initial diagnosis and for predicting outcome in an unselected, population-based sample of patients with Candida fungemia","volume":"44","author":"Yeo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"455","article-title":"Evaluation of different commercial ELISA methods for the serodiagnosis of systemic candidosis","volume":"45","author":"Persat","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mycosis"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4834","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4834-4835.2005","article-title":"Syscan 3, a kit for detection of anti-Candida antibodies for diagnosis of invasive candidiasis","volume":"43","author":"Philip","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02230-06","article-title":"Epidemiologic, clinical and diagnostic aspects of coccidioidomycosis","volume":"45","author":"Saubolle","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.10.4551-4558.2003","article-title":"Contribution of the Platelia Candida-specfic antibody and antigen tests to early diagnosis of systemic Candida tropicalis infection in neutropenic adults","volume":"41","author":"Sendid","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.5.1510-1517.1999","article-title":"New enzyme immunoassays for sensitive detection of circulating Candida albicans mannan and antimannan antibodies: Useful combined test for diagnosis of systemic candidiasis","volume":"37","author":"Sendid","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-51-5-433","article-title":"Combined detection of mannanaemia and antimannan antibodies as a strategy for the diagnosis of systemic infection caused by pathogenic Candida species","volume":"51","author":"Sendid","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R222","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9365","article-title":"The use of mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibodies in the diagnosis of candidiasis: Recommendations from the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia","volume":"14","author":"Mikulska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960100629","article-title":"Contribution of serological tests and blood culture to the early diagnosis of systemic candidiasis","volume":"20","author":"Year","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5828","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.11.5828-5829.2005","article-title":"The role of cryptococcal antigen assay in diagnosis and monitoring of cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"43","author":"Antinori","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46314-0","article-title":"Evaluation of a newly developed down-flow immunoassay for detection of serum mannan antigens in patients with candidaemia","volume":"55","author":"Fujita","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1086\/421944","article-title":"\u03b2-d-glucan as a diagnostic adjunct for invasive fungal infections: Validation, cutoff development, and performance in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Odabasi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5957","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.12.5957-5962.2005","article-title":"Evaluation of a (1\u21923)-\u03b2-d-glucan assay for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections","volume":"43","author":"Pickering","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.1.164-171.2004","article-title":"Increased sensitivity of mannenemia detection tests by joint detection of \u03b1- and \u03b2-linked oligomannosides during experimental and human systemic candidiasis","volume":"42","author":"Sendid","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04794.x","article-title":"The use of a risk group stratification in the management of invasive fungal infection: A prospective validation","volume":"124","author":"McLintock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1086\/496933","article-title":"Between over- and under-treatment of invasive fungal disease","volume":"41","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49541","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049541","article-title":"Clinical utility of the cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay in a diagnostic mycology laboratory","volume":"7","author":"McMullan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir908","article-title":"Point-of-care urine antigen screening tests for tuberculosis and cryptococcosis: Potential for mortality reduction in antiretroviral treatment programs in Africa","volume":"54","author":"Lawn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"585","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of cryptococcal anitigen positivity among AIDS patients-United States, 1986\u20132012","volume":"63","author":"McKenney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1993.tb03201.x","article-title":"An evaluation of serodiagnostic tests in patients with candidemia: Beta-glucan, mannan, candida antigen by Cand-Tec and D-arabinitol","volume":"37","author":"Kohno","year":"1993","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.8.1918-1921.1996","article-title":"Enolase antigen, mannan antigen, Cand-Tec antigen and beta-glucan in patients with candidemia","volume":"34","author":"Mitsutake","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(93)90130-Y","article-title":"Value of Hybritech ICON Candida assay in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in high risk patients","volume":"16","author":"Pfaller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.9.2550-2552.1993","article-title":"Circulating Candida antigens and antibodies: Useful markers of candidemia","volume":"31","author":"Gutierrez","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02001577","article-title":"Latex agglutination test for detection of Candida antigen in patients with disseminated disease","volume":"2","author":"Gentry","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.10.2320-2326.1990","article-title":"Nonvalue of antigen detection immunoassays for diagnosis of candidemia","volume":"28","author":"Phillips","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1988.tb03862.x","article-title":"A synoptical approach to the diagnosis of candidosis, relying on serological antigen and antibody tests, on culture, and on evaluation of clinical data","volume":"31","author":"Ruchel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.3.459-463.1988","article-title":"Diagnosis of systemic candidiasis by an enzyme-linked dot immunobinding assay for a circulating immunodominant 47-kilodalton antigen","volume":"26","author":"Matthews","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199104113241504","article-title":"Detection of circulating Candida enolase by immunoassay in patients with cancer and invasive candidiasis","volume":"324","author":"Walsh","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq206","article-title":"\u03b2-d-glucan assay for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: A meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Karageorgopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.12.3115-3118.1995","article-title":"Plasma (1\u21923)-\u03b2-d-glucan and fungal antigenemia in patients with candidemia, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis","volume":"33","author":"Miyazaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91152-9","article-title":"Plasma (1\u21923)-\u03b2-d-glucan measurement in diagnosis of invasive deep mycosis and fungal febrile episodes","volume":"345","author":"Obayashi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2825(1997)11:2<104::AID-JCLA6>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Plasma ((1\u21923)-\u03b2-d-glucan assay and immunohistochemical staining of (1\u21923)-\u03b2-d-glucan in the fungal cell walls using a novel horseshoe crab protein (T-GBP) that specifically binds to (1\u21923)-\u03b2-d-glucan","volume":"11","author":"Tamura","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1086\/432470","article-title":"Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1\u21923)-\u03b2-d-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans","volume":"41","author":"Alexander","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"882","article-title":"Serum glucan levels are not specific for presence of fungal infections in intensive care units","volume":"10","author":"Digby","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182ra54","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005377","article-title":"T2 magnetic resonance enables nanoparticle-mediated rapid detection of candidemia in whole blood","volume":"5","author":"Neely","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62323","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062323","article-title":"Multiplex PCR system for rapid detection of pathogens in apteients with presumed sepsis\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu959","article-title":"T2 magnetic resonance assay for the rapid diagnosis of candidemia in whole blood","volume":"60","author":"Mylonakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1086\/508536","article-title":"Implications of new technology for infectious disease practice","volume":"43","author":"Baron","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-005-0041-7","article-title":"Diagnosis of candidemia by polymerase chain reaction and blood culture: Prospective study in a high-risk population and identification of variables associated with development of candidemia","volume":"24","author":"Mikami","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1086\/321887","article-title":"Detection of Aspergillus species in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples from immunocompromised patients by means of 2-step polymerase chain reaction: Clinical results","volume":"33","author":"Buchheidt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.04904.x","article-title":"Prospective clinical evaluation of a LightCycler\u2122-mediated polymerase chain reaction assay, a nested-PCR assay and a galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic cancer patients and haematological stem cell transplant patients","volume":"125","author":"Buchheidt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1086\/500466","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction-ELISA targeted to Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus for the early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies","volume":"193","author":"Florent","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2000.02378.x","article-title":"Prospective screening by a panfungal polymerase chain reaction assay in patients at risk for fungal infections: Implications for the management of febrile neutropenia","volume":"111","author":"Hebart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1086\/315435","article-title":"Early detection of Aspergillus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation by polymerase chain reaction screening","volume":"181","author":"Hebart","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70238-3","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis","volume":"5","author":"Hope","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2001.02744.x","article-title":"Screening for Aspergillus spp. using polymerase chain reaction of whole blood samples from patients with haematological malignancies","volume":"113","author":"Aigner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.12.3865-3871.1999","article-title":"Specific detection of Aspergillus species in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples of immunocompromised patients by two-step PCR","volume":"37","author":"Skladney","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3438","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.11.3438-3440.1998","article-title":"Development of a nested PCR for detection of Cryptococcus neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"36","author":"Rappelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1312","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis: Adenosine deaminase levels, serologic parameters, culture results, and polymerase chain reaction testing in pleural fluid","volume":"143","author":"Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.6.1353-1360.1997","article-title":"Detection and identification of fungal pathogens in blood by using molecular probes","volume":"35","author":"Einsele","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1704768","article-title":"A prospective study of real-time panfungal PCR for the early diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in haemato-oncology patients","volume":"35","author":"Jordanides","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1086\/322631","article-title":"Improving efficacy of antifungal therapy by polymerase chain reaction-based strategy among patients with neutropenia and cancer","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2009.05.005","article-title":"Real-time polymerase chain reaction of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in human samples","volume":"65","author":"Veron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_167","unstructured":"Baselski, V., Buchanan, K., Carey, R., Clarridge, J., and Weissfeld, A. (2005). American Society for Microbiology Office of Public and Scientific Affairs."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.3.779","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of candidemia","volume":"168","author":"Kan","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.12.2962-2967.1994","article-title":"PCR identification of four medically important Candida species by using a single primer pair","volume":"32","author":"Jordan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.8.1902-1907.1994","article-title":"Rapid detection and identification of Candida albicans and Torulopsis (Candida) glabrata in clinical specimens by species-specific nested PCR amplification of a cytochrome P-450 lanosterol-\u03b1-demethylase (L1A1) gene fragment","volume":"32","author":"Zuber","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1871-1875.1999","article-title":"PCR-restriction enzyme analysis for detection of Candida DNA in blood from febrile patients with hematological malignancies","volume":"37","author":"Morace","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.2.395-401.1998","article-title":"Rapid detection of Candida albicans in clinical samples by DNA amplification of common regions from C. albicans-secreted aspartic proteinase genes","volume":"36","author":"Flahaut","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01726361","article-title":"Semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of disseminated candidiasis","volume":"16","author":"Burnie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0507.1999.00451.x","article-title":"PCR and other non-culture methods for diagnosis of invasive Candida infections in allogeneic bone marrow and solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"42","author":"Chryssanthou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.064758-0","article-title":"Coll P Molecular diagnosis of bloodstream infections with a new dual-priming oligonucleotide-based multiplex PCR assay","volume":"62","author":"Carrara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38916","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038916","article-title":"DNAemia detection by multiplex PCR and biomarkers for infection in systemic inflammatory response syndrome patients","volume":"7","author":"Fitting","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.04.027","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of microbial aetiologies using SepsiTest in the daily routine of a diagnostic laboratory","volume":"76","author":"Haag","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62108","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062108","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of bloodstream infections with PCR followed by mass spectrometry","volume":"8","author":"Carolan","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2012.12.012","article-title":"Comparison of two molecular assays with conventional blood culture for diagnosis of sepsis","volume":"92","author":"Leitner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.02.005","article-title":"Microbial diagnosis of bloodstream infection: Towards molecular diagnosis directly from blood","volume":"21","author":"Opota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00063-013-0227-1","article-title":"Comparison of three different commercial PCR assays for the detection of pathogens in critically ill sepsis patients","volume":"108","author":"Schreiber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Klin. Intensivmed. Notfmed."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00567-09","article-title":"Diagnosis of bacteremia in whole-blood samples by use of a commercial universal 16S rRNA gene-based PCR and sequence analysis","volume":"47","author":"Wellinghausen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.165-256.2006","article-title":"Real-time PCR in clinical microbiology: Applications for routine laboratory testing","volume":"19","author":"Espy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.2.586-590.2000","article-title":"Quantification of fungal DNA by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer and the Light Cycler system","volume":"38","author":"Henke","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp110604","article-title":"Impact of a rapid peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization assay on treatment of Candida infections","volume":"69","author":"Heil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-12-2","article-title":"Rapid identification of bacteria and Candida using PNA-FISH from blood and peritoneal cultures: A retrospective clinical study","volume":"12","author":"Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00028-13","article-title":"Evaluation of PNA-FISH yeast traffic light for rapid identification of yeast directly from positive blood cultures and assessment of clinical impact","volume":"51","author":"Stone","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.058354","article-title":"Clinical impact of enhanced diagnosis of invasive fungal disease in high-risk haematology and stem cell treansplant patients","volume":"62","author":"Barnes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.919853","article-title":"Undiagnosed invasive candidiasis: Incorporating non-culture diagnostics into rational prophylactic and preemptive antifungal strategies","volume":"12","author":"Clancy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2000.02014.x","article-title":"Towards a targeted, risk-based, antifungal strategy in neutropenic patients","volume":"110","author":"Prentice","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1086\/430923","article-title":"Bloodstream infections due to Candida species in the intensive care unit: Identifying especially high-risk patients to determine prevention strategies","volume":"41","author":"Wenzel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit038","article-title":"Rapid detection of antibiotic-resistant organism carriage for infection prevention","volume":"56","author":"Diekema","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.160","article-title":"Mitigation of human-pathogenic fungi that exhibit resistance to medical agents: Can antifungal stewardship help?","volume":"9","author":"Hull","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028014529928","article-title":"Clinical practice patterns in hospitalized patients at risk for invasive candidiasis: Role of antifungal stewardship programs in an era of rapid diagnostics","volume":"48","author":"Aitken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.29","article-title":"The economic impact of rapid Candida species identification by T2Candida among high-risk patients","volume":"10","author":"Bilir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2009.01756.x","article-title":"Improvement of a clinical predication rule for clinical trials on prophylaxis in the intensive care unit","volume":"54","author":"Pappas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.007","article-title":"Activity of echinocandins and triazoles against a contemporary (2012) worldwide collection of yeasts and moulds collected from invasive infections","volume":"44","author":"Castanheira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku053","article-title":"Evaluation of antifungal use in a tertiary care institution: Antifungal stewardship urgently needed","volume":"69","author":"Valerio","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000484","article-title":"Cryptococcal antigen screening and early antifungal treatment to prevent cryptococcal meningitis: A review of the literature","volume":"68","author":"Kaplan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-015-0045-z","article-title":"Preventing cryptococcosis-shifting the paradigm in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"2","author":"Meya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Trop. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56269","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056269","article-title":"Epidemiology of cryptococcal meningitis in the US: 1997\u20132009","volume":"8","author":"Pyrgos","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1309\/RR95-P7DN-41LW-1LGQ","article-title":"Evaluation of the status of laboratory practices and the need for continuing education in medical mycology","volume":"118","author":"Rosner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2008.12.006","article-title":"Standards of care for patients with invasive fungal infections within the United Kingdom: A national audit","volume":"58","author":"Schelenz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1309\/RV7D-3A2R-W9QH-WG0D","article-title":"Practice makes perfect","volume":"118","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/1\/2\/217\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:47:47Z","timestamp":1760215667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/1\/2\/217"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,31]]},"references-count":204,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jof1020217"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof1020217","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,31]]}}}