{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T05:20:16Z","timestamp":1771478416494,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]],"date-time":"2015-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive fungal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Transplant patients are at risk for such invasive fungal infections. The most common invasive fungal infections are invasive candidiasis in the SOT and invasive aspergillosis in the HSCT. In this article, we will discuss the epidemiology of invasive fungal infections in the transplant recipients and susceptibility patterns of the fungi associated with these infections. Additionally, the pharmacology and clinical efficacy of the new antifungal, isavuconazole, and the new posaconazole formulations will be reviewed. Isavuconazole is a new extended-spectrum triazole that was recently approved for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Advantages of this triazole include the availability of a water-soluble intravenous formulation, excellent bioavailability of the oral formulation, and predictable pharmacokinetics in adults. Posaconazole, a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent, is approved for the prevention of invasive aspergillosis and candidiasis in addition to the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Posaconazole oral suspension solution has shown some limitations in the setting of fasting state absorption, elevated gastrointestinal pH, and increased motility. The newly approved delayed-release oral tablet and intravenous solution formulations provide additional treatment options by reducing interpatient variability and providing flexibility in these set of critically ill patients. This review will detail these most recent studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof1030345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]],"date-time":"2015-10-15T12:44:06Z","timestamp":1444913046000},"page":"345-366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Role of New Antifungal Agents in the Treatment of Invasive Fungal Infections in Transplant Recipients: Isavuconazole and New Posaconazole Formulations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Julius","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70123, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70123, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Garcia-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Medical Center, 1514 Jefferson Highway,  New Orleans, LA 70123, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pasquini, M.C., and Zhu, X. Current use and outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: 2014 CIBMTR Summary Slides. Available online: http:\/\/www.cibmtr.org."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"The Need Is Real: Data, Available online: http:\/\/www.organdonor.gov\/about\/data.html?gclid=CKCI27aH8cICFQdsfgoddDoAbQ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1086\/651262","article-title":"Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: Results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET)","volume":"50","author":"Pappas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2010.00492.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcome of invasive fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"12","author":"Neofytos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1086\/651263","article-title":"Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001\u20132006: Overview of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET) Database","volume":"50","author":"Kontoyiannis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02474-10","article-title":"A Comparison of in vitro susceptibility characteristics of Candida species from cases of invasive candidiasis in solid organ and stem cell transplant recipients: Transplant-Associated Infections Surveillance Network (TRANSNET), 2001 to 2006","volume":"49","author":"Lockhart","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.110087","article-title":"Invasive non-Aspergillus mold infections in transplant recipients, United States, 2001\u20132006","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1086\/523576","article-title":"Reviews of anti-infective agents: Posaconazole: A broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent","volume":"45","author":"Nagappan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"163","article-title":"Profile of isavuconazole and its potential in the treatment of severe invasive fungal infections","volume":"6","author":"Falci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.22109","article-title":"Review of basic and clinical pharmacology of sulfobutylether-\u03b2-cyclodextrin (SBECD)","volume":"99","author":"Luke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"NOXAFIL\u00ae. Available online: https:\/\/www.merckconnect.com\/noxafil\/overview.html?hcpUser=yes."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01540-09","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin and voriconazole in patients with end-stage renal failure during treatment with two hemodialysis systems and hemodiafiltration","volume":"54","author":"Hafner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6904-6-6","article-title":"Accumulation of the solvent vehicle sulphobutylether beta cyclodextrin sodium in critically ill patients treated with intravenous voriconazole under renal replacement therapy","volume":"6","author":"Burhenne","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-14","article-title":"Evaluation of intravenous voriconazole in patients with compromised renal function","volume":"13","author":"Lilly","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(02)00892-2","article-title":"Design, synthesis and antifungal activity of a novel water soluble prodrug of antifungal triazole","volume":"13","author":"Ohwada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.279-285.2006","article-title":"Single-ascending-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the novel broad-spectrum antifungal triazole BAL4815 after intravenous infusions (50, 100, and 200 milligrams) and oral administrations (100, 200, and 400 milligrams) of its prodrug, BAL8557, in healthy volunteers","volume":"50","author":"Roos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.286-293.2006","article-title":"Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the new antifungal triazole BAL4815 after intravenous infusion and oral administration of its prodrug, BAL8557, in healthy volunteers","volume":"50","author":"Roos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.9.2788-2795.2003","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of oral posaconazole administered in single and multiple doses in healthy adults","volume":"47","author":"Courtney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4196","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00222-12","article-title":"Single-dose phase I study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in new tablet and capsule formulations relative to oral suspension","volume":"56","author":"Krishna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Cornely, O.A., Duarte, R.F., Haider, S., Chandrasakar, P., Helfgott, D., Lopez, J., van Iersel, M., Connelly, N., and Waskin, H. (2013, January 27\u201330). Phase 3 pharmacokinetics and safety study of posaconazole tablet in patients at risk for invasive fungal infection [LB2966]. Proceedings of the European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks268","article-title":"A new solid oral tablet formulation of posaconazole: A randomized clinical trial to investigate rising single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety in healthy volunteers","volume":"67","author":"Krishna","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04223-14","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and safety study of posaconazole intravenous solution administered peripherally to health subjects","volume":"59","author":"Kersemaekers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01034-08","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and absorption of posaconazole oral suspension under various gastric conditions in healthy volunteers","volume":"53","author":"Krishna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01977.x","article-title":"Effect of food on the relative bioavailability of two oral formulations of posaconazole in healthy adults","volume":"57","author":"Courtney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4885","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00319-09","article-title":"Effect of mild and moderate liver disease on the pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole after intravenous and oral administration of a single dose of the prodrug BAL8557","volume":"53","author":"Roos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.10.3149-3154.2003","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility survey of 2000 bloodstream Candida isolates in the United States","volume":"47","author":"Rex","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00163-06","article-title":"In vitro activities of posaconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B against a large collection of clinically important molds and yeasts","volume":"50","author":"Sabatelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01216-08","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibilities among different serotypes of Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"53","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-010-9324-3","article-title":"Isavuconazole: A comprehensive review of spectrum of activity of a new triazole","volume":"170","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) (2010). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Prevention and Treatment of Cancer-Related Infections, National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Available online: http:\/\/www.nccn.org\/professionals\/physician_gls\/pdf\/infections.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa061094","article-title":"Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia","volume":"356","author":"Cornely","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa061098","article-title":"Posaconazole or fluconazole for prophylaxis in severe graft-versus-host disease","volume":"356","author":"Ullmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1086\/323335","article-title":"Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: An international consensus","volume":"34","author":"Ascioglu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Cornely, O., Haider, S., Grigg, A., van Iersel, M., Caceres, M., Hepler, D., Waskin, H., Kartsonis, N., and Robertson, M. (2013, January 10\u201313). Phase 3 Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Safety Study of Posaconazole (POS) IV in Patients (Pts) at Risk for Invasive Fungal Infection (IFI) [A-292]. Proceedings of the 53rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Denver, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1086\/501457","article-title":"A multicenter randomized trial evaluating posaconazole versus fluconazole for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in subjects with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"42","author":"Vazquez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1086\/511039","article-title":"Posaconazole for the treatment of azole-refractory oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in subjects with HIV infection","volume":"44","author":"Skiest","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1086\/596757","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"48","author":"Pappas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1086\/508774","article-title":"Treatment of invasive aspergillosis with posaconazole in patients who are refractory to or intolerant of conventional therapy: An externally controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Walsh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12371","article-title":"ESCMID and ECMM joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis 2013","volume":"20","author":"Cornely","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.126-133.2006","article-title":"Posaconazole as salvage therapy for zygomycosis","volume":"50","author":"Greenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1086\/500212","article-title":"Posaconazole is effective as salvage therapy in zygomycosis: A retrospective summary of 91 cases","volume":"42","author":"Hare","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Maertens, J., Patterson, T., Rahav, G., Kontoyiannis, D., Marr, K., Maher, R., Lee, M., Zeiher, B., and Ullmann, A. (2014, January 10\u201313). A phase 3 randomized, double-blind trial evaluating isavuconazole vs. voriconazole for the primary treatment of invasive fungal disease caused by Aspergillus spp. or other filamentous fungi [Abstract # O230a]. Proceedings of the 24th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marty, F.M., Perfect, J.R., Cornely, O.A., Mullane, K.M., Rahav, G., Lee, M., Ito, M., Maher, R., Zeiher, B., and Ostrosky-Zeichner, L. (2014, January 8\u201312). An open-label phase 3 study of isavuconazole (VITAL): Focus on mucormycosis [Poster #824]. Proceedings of the Infectious Diseases Week (IDWeek) Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu052.532"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S90","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-077X(08)73003-8","article-title":"Ambizygo: Phase II study of high dose liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) [10 mg\/kg\/j] efficacy against zygomycosis","volume":"38","author":"Lanternier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3109\/13693780903311944","article-title":"Primary treatment of zygomycosis with liposomal amphotericin B: Analysis of 28 cases","volume":"48","author":"Shoham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr375","article-title":"The deferasirox-AmBisome therapy for mucormycosis (DEFEAT Mucor) study: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Spellberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Queiroz-Telles, F., Cornely, O.A., Perfect, J.R., Kovanda, L., Zeiher, B., and Vazquez, J. (2014, January 5\u20139). Successful outcomes in patients with invasive fungal disease due to C. gatii and C. neoformans treated with isavuconazole: Experience from the VITAL trial [Poster #M-1773]. Proceedings of the 54th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Isavuconazole (BAL8557) in the Treatment of Candidemia and Other Invasive Candida Infections, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00413218?term=isavuconazole&rank=26."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6993","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04035-14","article-title":"Switching from posaconazole suspension to tablets increases serum drug levels in leukemia patients without clinically relevant hepatotoxicity","volume":"58","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04586-14","article-title":"A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of three dosing regimens of isavuconazole compared with fluconazole in patients with uncomplicated esophageal candidiasis","volume":"59","author":"Viljoen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04569-14","article-title":"Safety and pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole as antifungal prophylaxis in acute myeloid leukemia patients with neutropenia: Results of a phase 2, dose escalation study","volume":"59","author":"Cornely","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4020","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02448-13","article-title":"Posaconazole tablet pharmacokinetics: Lack of effect of concomitant medications altering gastric pH and gastric motility in healthy subjects","volume":"58","author":"Kraft","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.26.12.1730","article-title":"Factors influencing the magnitude and clinical significance of drug interactions between azole antifungals and select immunosuppressants","volume":"26","author":"Saad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.27.6.825","article-title":"Effect of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine and tacrolimus","volume":"27","author":"Krishna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990802644209","article-title":"Effects of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetics of sirolimus","volume":"25","author":"Moton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Cresemba\u00ae. Available online: https:\/\/www.cresemba.com\/."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Schmitt-Hoffman, A., Roos, B., and Sauer, J. (2006, January 25\u201329). Effect of Rifampicin on the Pharmacokinetics of BAL4815 at Steady State after Multiple Oral doses of BAL8557 (WSA) and Rifampicin [P-0319]. Proceedings of the 16th Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Schmitt-Hoffman, A., Roos, B., Sauer, J., Maares, J., Brown, T., Spickermann, J., Roehrle, M., and Heep, M. (2006, January 25\u201329). Effect of BAL8557, a Water-Soluble Azole Pro-drug (WSA), on the Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus [Poster-Abstract#P-0320]. Proceedings of the 16th Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Schmitt-Hoffman, A., Roos, B., Sauer, J., Maares, J., Brown, T., Spickermann, J., Roehrle, M., and Heep, M. (2006, January 25\u201329). Effect of BAL8557, a Water-soluble Azole Pro-drug (WSA), on the Pharmacokinetics of Ciclosporin [P-0136]. Proceedings of the 16th Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Schmitt-Hoffman, A., Roos, B., Sauer, J., Maares, J., Brown, T., Spickermann, J., Allison, M., and Heep, M. (2006, January 25\u201329). Effect of BAL8557, a Water-Soluble Azole Pro-drug (WSA), on the Pharmacokinetics of S- and R-warfarin [P-0321]. Proceedings of the 16th Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2010.64","article-title":"Exposure-response of posaconazole used for prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections: Evaluating the need to adjust doses based on drug concentrations in plasma","volume":"88","author":"Jang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2010.261","article-title":"Lack of evidence for exposure-response relationship in the use of posaconazole as prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections","volume":"89","author":"Cornely","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05900-11","article-title":"Posaconazole exposure-response relationship: Evaluating the utility of therapeutic drug monitoring","volume":"56","author":"Dolton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01325-10","article-title":"Posaconazole serum concentrations among cardiothoracic transplant recipients: Factors impacting trough levels and correlation with clinical response to therapy","volume":"55","author":"Shields","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5224","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00939-09","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of posaconazole: A monocentric study with 54 adults","volume":"53","author":"Lebeaux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00705-08","article-title":"Antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring: Established and emerging indications","volume":"53","author":"Andes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/1\/3\/345\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:50:13Z","timestamp":1760215813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/1\/3\/345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jof1030345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof1030345","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]]}}}