{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:08:31Z","timestamp":1790208511608,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hermon Slade Foundation and the Australian Research Council Linkage Project","award":["LP140100279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP140100279"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptococcosis is a fungal disease in humans and animals, caused by the Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complexes. Clinical cryptococcosis primarily manifests as upper respiratory tract disease; however, dissemination to other organs, particularly the brain, can occur. Nasal colonisation and subclinical cryptococcosis are common in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) due to their shared environmental niche with Cryptococcus: Eucalyptus trees. However, for reasons that remain unclear, the prevalence of clinical disease is low in koalas. Interactions between respiratory pathogens and the nasal mycobiome are thought to play a role in the development and progression of numerous respiratory diseases. As such, this study aimed to characterise the mycobiome of the nasal vestibule in koalas with and without evidence of cryptococcal colonisation and subclinical disease via the next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the ITS1 region of the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene. Samples were collected from 47 koalas from a population of free-ranging koalas in the Liverpool Plains, NSW, Australia, with a known history of Cryptococcus exposure and nasal colonisation. Of the 47 animals tested, 6.4% were culture-positive only, 4.3% were seropositive only, and 2.1% were culture- and seropositive. C. gattii was detected in four samples via NGS. C. neoformans was not detected via NGS. There were no significant differences in the nasal mycobiomes of Cryptococcus-positive and -negative animals; thus, we could not establish a definitive association between the mycobiome and infection outcomes. We identified a number of fungal genera that were significantly more abundant in samples from Cryptococcus-positive animals, but there was no apparent relationship between these genera and the development of cryptococcosis. This study represents the first investigation of the nasal mycobiota of wild koalas. Further studies involving koalas with clinical disease are necessary to determine the role of the nasal mycobiota in the development of cryptococcosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11010064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T11:32:29Z","timestamp":1736940749000},"page":"64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Correlation Between Cryptococcus Infection and the Nasal Mycobiota in a Population of Free-Ranging Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in New South Wales, Australia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"McPherson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie L.","family":"Haworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3689-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa Monteiro","family":"de Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8168-4795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark B.","family":"Krockenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a019760","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019760","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis","volume":"4","author":"Fraser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.006","article-title":"Cryptococcosis","volume":"30","author":"Maziarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"56","article-title":"Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans and other opportunistic fungi from pigeon droppings","volume":"18","author":"Soltani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"263","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): Colonization by C-n. var","volume":"40","author":"Krockenberger","year":"2002","journal-title":"gattii and investigation of environmental sources. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"926","article-title":"Cryptococcosis in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): Pathogenesis and treatment in the context of two atypical cases","volume":"56","author":"Schmertmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-280X.1999.00236.x","article-title":"Asymptomatic carriage of Cryptococcus neoformans in the nasal cavity of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)","volume":"37","author":"Connolly","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219280000181","article-title":"Cryptococcosis in cats\u2014Clinical and mycological assessment of 29 cases and evaluation of treatment using orally-administered fluconazole","volume":"30","author":"Malik","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Med. Vet. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"225","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans var","volume":"41","author":"Krockenberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"gattii in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): A review of 43 cases of cryptococcosis. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myad016","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myad016","article-title":"Cryptococcosis in domestic and wild animals: A review","volume":"61","author":"Bermann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.e66","article-title":"Serologic evidence for Cryptococcus neoformans infection in early childhood","volume":"107","author":"Goldman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"273","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans var","volume":"40","author":"Krockenberger","year":"2002","journal-title":"gattii in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): Serological evidence for subclinical cryptococcosis. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myz010","article-title":"Comparing immunochromatography with latex antigen agglutination testing for the diagnosis of cryptococcosis in cats, dogs and koalas","volume":"58","author":"Krockenberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500036019","article-title":"Sub-clinical infection and asymptomatic carriage of Cryptococcus gattii in dogs and cats during an outbreak of cryptococcosis","volume":"43","author":"Duncan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oladele, R.O., Jordan, A.M., Okaa, J.U., Driscoll, B.R., Driscoll, B.R., Osaigbovo, I.I., Shettima, S.A., Shehu, N.Y., Davies, A.A., and Mohammed, Y. (2023). A multicenter survey of asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia among patients with advanced HIV disease in Nigeria. PLoS Glob. Public Health, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001313"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-009-9987-9","article-title":"Genetic variation and structuring in the threatened koala populations of Southeast Queensland","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16877","article-title":"Evaluating the genetic consequences of population subdivision as it unfolds and how to best mitigate them: A rare story about koalas","volume":"32","author":"Frere","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/emr.12458","article-title":"Quantifying the impacts of bushfire on populations of wild koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus): Insights from the 2019\/20 fire season","volume":"22","author":"Phillips","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Manag. Restor."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robbins, A., Hanger, J., Jelocnik, M., Quigley, B.L., and Timms, P. (2020). Koala immunogenetics and chlamydial strain type are more directly involved in chlamydial disease progression in koalas from two south east Queensland koala populations than koala retrovirus subtypes. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72050-2"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blyton, M.D.J., Pyne, M., Young, P., and Chappell, K. (2022). Koala retrovirus load and non-A subtypes are associated with secondary disease among wild northern koalas. PLoS Pathog., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010513"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy144","article-title":"Prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia and nasal colonization in a free-ranging koala population","volume":"57","author":"Schmertmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1071\/MA05069","article-title":"Cryptococcosis in Australian wildlife","volume":"26","author":"Krockenberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiol. Aust."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.7.1642-1644.1990","article-title":"Natural habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans var","volume":"28","author":"Ellis","year":"1990","journal-title":"gattii. J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.5.1261-1263.1996","article-title":"Natural environmental sources of Cryptococcus neoformans var gattii","volume":"34","author":"Sorrell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9684","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5498","article-title":"The mycobiome of Australian tree hollows in relation to the Cryptococcus gattii and C. neoformans species complexes","volume":"9","author":"Schmertmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trilles, L., Wang, B., Firacative, C., Lazera, M.D., Wanke, B., and Meyer, W. (2014). Identification of the Major Molecular Types of Cryptococcus neoformans and C-gattii by Hyperbranched Rolling Circle Amplification. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094648"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.5.1253-1260.1996","article-title":"Concordance of clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var gattii by random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis and PCR fingerprinting","volume":"34","author":"Sorrell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2011.594967","article-title":"Long-term surveillance and treatment of subclinical cryptococcosis and nasal colonization by Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii species complex in captive koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)","volume":"50","author":"Kido","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00821-x","article-title":"The dynamic lung microbiome in health and disease","volume":"21","author":"Natalini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabq5126","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abq5126","article-title":"Understanding respiratory microbiome-immune system interactions in health and disease","volume":"15","author":"Rudloff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirolo, M., Espinosa-Gongora, C., Bogaert, D., and Guardabassi, L. (2021). The porcine respiratory microbiome: Recent insights and future challenges. Anim. Microbiome, 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-020-00070-4"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-021-01020-x","article-title":"Bovine respiratory microbiota of feedlot cattle and its association with disease","volume":"53","author":"Chai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12296","article-title":"Analysis of the nasal vestibule mycobiome in patients with allergic rhinitis","volume":"58","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, S.H., Ye, M.K., Lee, D.W., and Geum, S.Y. (2023). Immunopathologic Role of Fungi in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032366"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13722","article-title":"The airway fungal microbiome in asthma","volume":"50","author":"Rick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-014-0197-7","article-title":"The Airway Colonization by Opportunistic Filamentous Fungi in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis: Recent Updates","volume":"8","author":"Touati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Fungal Infect. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoque, M.N., Rahman, M.S., Sarkar, M.M.H., Habib, M.A., Akter, S., Banu, T.A., Goswami, B., Jahan, I., Hossain, M.A., and Khan, M.S. (2023). Transcriptome analysis reveals increased abundance and diversity of opportunistic fungal pathogens in nasopharyngeal tract of COVID-19 patients. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278134"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kan, A., Schmertmann, L.J., McArthur, C., Mella, V.S.A., Crowther, M.S., Miranda, L., Malik, R., Meyer, W., and Krockenberger, M.B. (2022). A Possible Link between the Environment and Cryptococcus gattii Nasal Colonisation in Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in the Liverpool Plains, New South Wales. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084603"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lunney, D., and Hutchings, P. (2012). Koalas and climate change: A case study on the Liverpool Plains, north-west New South Wales. Wildlife and Climate Change: Towards Robust Conservation Stategies for Australian Fauna, Zoological Society of New South Wales.","DOI":"10.7882\/FS.2012.022"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1071\/AM19064","article-title":"A review of the \u2018noose and flag\u2019 method to capture free-ranging koalas","volume":"42","author":"Madani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02156784","article-title":"Cryptococcis neoformans und Guizotia abyssinica (syn","volume":"148","author":"Staib","year":"1962","journal-title":"G. oleifera)\u2014(Farbreaktion fur Cr neoformans). Z. Hyg. Infekt."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1126\/science.151.3707.208","article-title":"Medium for selective isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"151","author":"Shields","year":"1966","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780902953886","article-title":"Consensus multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii","volume":"47","author":"Meyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Bolyen, E., Rideout, J.R., Dillon, M.R., Bokulich, N.A., Abnet, C.C., Al-Ghalith, G.A., Alexander, H., Alm, E.J., Arumugam, M., and Asnicar, F. (2019). Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2 (vol 37, pg 852, 2019). Nat. Biotechnol., 37."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D259","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1022","article-title":"The UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi: Handling dark taxa and parallel taxonomic classifications","volume":"47","author":"Nilsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myv008","article-title":"International Society of Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM)-ITS reference DNA barcoding database-the quality controlled standard tool for routine identification of human and animal pathogenic fungi","volume":"53","author":"Irinyi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMurdie, P.J., and Holmes, S. (2013). phyloseq: An R Package for Reproducible Interactive Analysis and Graphics of Microbiome Census Data. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Oksanen, J., Simpson, G., Blanchet, F., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P., O\u2019Hara, R., Solymos, P., Stevens, M., and Szoecs, E. (2023). vegan: Community Ecology Package, R Package Version 2.6-5, CRAN."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Love, M.I., Huber, W., and Anders, S. (2014). Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1638\/2016-0089.1","article-title":"Atypical presentation of Cryptococcus neoformans in a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): A magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography study","volume":"48","author":"Real","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00126-13","article-title":"Cryptococcus gattii infections","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caballero, J.D., Canton, R., Ponce-Alonso, M., Garcia-Clemente, M.M., de la Pedrosa, E.G.G., Lopez-Campos, J.L., Maiz, L., del Campo, R., and Martinez-Garcia, M.A. (2022). The Human Mycobiome in Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Current Situation and Future Perspectives. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10040810"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangneux, J.P., Sassi, M., Lemire, P., and Le Cann, P. (2020). Metagenomic Characterization of Indoor Dust Bacterial and Fungal Microbiota in Homes of Asthma and Non-asthma Patients Using Next Generation Sequencing. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01671"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu047","article-title":"Recognizing filamentous basidiomycetes as agents of human disease: A review","volume":"52","author":"Anuradha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16612","article-title":"Topography of the respiratory, oral, and guttural pouch bacterial and fungal microbiotas in horses","volume":"37","author":"Bond","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Centeno-Martinez, R.E., Mohan, S., Davidson, J.L., Schoonmaker, J., Ault, A., Verma, M.S., and Johnson, T.A. (2023). The bovine nasal fungal community and associations with bovine respiratory disease. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1165994"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"131","article-title":"Use of culture filtrates of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici in tests for selecting tolerant varieties of tomato","volume":"85","author":"Fiume","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2009.09.001","article-title":"Pyrenochaeta keratinophila sp nov., isolated from an ocular infection in Spain","volume":"27","author":"Verkley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toh, Y.F., Yew, S.M., Chan, C.L., Na, S.L., Lee, K.W., Hoh, C.C., Yee, W.Y., Ng, K.P., and Kuan, C.S. (2016). Genome Anatomy of Pyrenochaeta unguis-hominis UM 256, a Multidrug Resistant Strain Isolated from Skin Scraping. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162095"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.029520-0","article-title":"Pyrenochaeta romeroi: A causative agent of phaeohyphomycotic cyst","volume":"60","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E221","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13177","article-title":"Cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Pyrenochaeta unguis-hominis in a diabetic patient: A case report","volume":"61","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinh, A., Levy, B., Bouchand, F., Davido, B., Duran, C., Cristi, M., Felter, A., Salomon, J., and Ammar, N.A. (2016). Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to Pyrenochaeta romeroi mimicking a synovial cyst. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01405"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1enz-Madrazo, N., Baeza, A., Guinea, J., Mart\u00edn-Rabad\u00e1n, P., Ruiz-Velasco-Santacruz, A., and Urcelay, J.L. (2023). First report of Neocucurbitaria unguis-hominis keratitis. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9010008"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy132","article-title":"Neocucurbitaria keratinophila: An emerging opportunistic fungus causing superficial mycosis in Spain","volume":"57","author":"Stchigel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870601800620","article-title":"Meningoencephalitis in an adult cow due to Mortierella wolfii","volume":"18","author":"Munday","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"123","article-title":"Bovine systemic mycosis caused by Mortierella wolfii","volume":"27","author":"Berrocal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1391","article-title":"Systemic infection with Mortierella wolfii following abortion in a cow","volume":"51","author":"Davies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J. -Rev. Vet. Can."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2011.00891.x","article-title":"Mortierella wolfii keratomycosis in a horse","volume":"14","author":"Wada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac072.S10.5d","article-title":"Disseminated pulmonary infection due to Mortierella wolfii in a 6-year-old patient with X-linked CGD receiving MUD-HSCT","volume":"60","author":"Youn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00439-8","article-title":"Otomycosis Due to the rare fungi Talaromyces purpurogenus, Naganishia albida and Filobasidium magnum","volume":"185","author":"Aboutalebian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2011.02054.x","article-title":"Meningitis caused by Filobasidium uniguttulatum: Case report and overview of the literature","volume":"55","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2006.01227.x","article-title":"Characterisation of the anticryptococcal effect of the FC-1 toxin produced by Filobasidium capsuligenum","volume":"49","author":"Keszthelyi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2008.01.002","article-title":"Comparison of killer toxin-producing and non-producing strains of Filobasidium capsuligenum:: Proposal for two varieties","volume":"163","author":"Keszthelyi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, R.H., Wurzbacher, C., Bahram, M., Coimbra, V.R.M., Larsson, E., Tedersoo, L., Eriksson, J., Ritter, C.D., Svantesson, S., and Sanchez-Garcia, M. (2016). Top 50 most wanted fungi. Mycokeys, 29\u201340.","DOI":"10.3897\/mycokeys.12.7553"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s13225-022-00502-3","article-title":"The numbers of fungi: Contributions from traditional taxonomic studies and challenges of metabarcoding","volume":"114","author":"Phukhamsakda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fungal Divers."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/11\/1\/64\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:29:25Z","timestamp":1759919365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/11\/1\/64"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jof11010064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof11010064","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]}}}