{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:40:48Z","timestamp":1759970448354,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u00c7ukurova University Scientific Research Projects","award":["TSA-2021-12961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSA-2021-12961"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clinical and mycological data are essential for the optimal management of patients with Candida vaginitis (CV), particularly in cases of (i) azole-resistant C. albicans vaginitis, (ii) recurrent CV, and (iii) CV in pregnant women. The present retrospective single-center study investigated the antifungal activity of six commonly used antifungals against randomly selected vaginal isolates recovered from 68 pregnant women in Adana, T\u00fcrkiye, including C. albicans, petite C. glabrata, non-petite C. glabrata, and C. krusei, using the disk diffusion method at pH 4 and 7. Furthermore, the antifungal activities of fluconazole and itraconazole were also assessed using the broth microdilution method. For all isolates, the mean inhibition zone diameters were narrower for itraconazole and ketoconazole and larger for miconazole at pH 4 than pH 7 (p &lt; 0.05). For nystatin, zone diameters were wider in C. albicans and petite C. glabrata at pH 4 (p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.001). Remarkably, clotrimazole was more active at pH 4 than at pH 7, except against non-petite C. glabrata isolates. Based on the broth microdilution results, the resistance rate was higher at pH 4 than at pH 7 in all isolates. Candida glabrata petite isolates exhibited MIC values 2 to 5 times higher than those of the non-petite isolates for both fluconazole and itraconazole. This study highlights the potent activity of topical antifungals (miconazole, nystatin, and clotrimazole) for the treatment of CV in pregnant women and highlights the need to identify petite and non-petite mutants of vaginal C. glabrata isolates to obtain more reliable data and for antifungal susceptibility testing prior to decision-making. The results of the two antifungal susceptibility methods were compared for C. albicans and C. glabrata isolates, and the reliability of the disk diffusion test was discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11020092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T04:32:22Z","timestamp":1737693142000},"page":"92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antifungal Testing of Vaginal Candida Isolates in Pregnant Women: A Retrospective, Single-Center Study in Adana, T\u00fcrkiye"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6889-7147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mete","family":"Sucu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Perinatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Adana 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5121-3100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nevzat","family":"\u00dcnal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Adana 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Adana 01370, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2717-6343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u015fe Sultan","family":"Karakoyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Adana 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6731-6008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130rem","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ege, Bornova, Izmir 35100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0530-8050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O\u011fuzhan","family":"Bing\u00f6l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Adana 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7762-9530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatih","family":"H\u00fcner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Adana 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8660-4854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"\u0130\u015flek Uzay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Perinatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Adana 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9485-3295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130lker","family":"\u00dcnal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Adana 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7282-5031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilek Ye\u015fim","family":"Metin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ege, Bornova, Izmir 35100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1174-4182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Macit","family":"Ilkit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Adana 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60917-9","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidosis","volume":"369","author":"Sobel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.06.067","article-title":"Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"214","author":"Sobel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. 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