{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T17:38:35Z","timestamp":1783791515727,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The burden of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) is increasing worldwide. National, regional, and local policies on IFI management should respond to the changing landscape. We assessed antifungal policies from five countries of varying size, IFI burden, and geography: the Netherlands, Italy, South Korea, China, and India. These countries were selected as a representative sample reflecting different types of economic and health systems that patients and providers access worldwide. This assessment focused on a comprehensive range of antifungal policy elements, including recognition and prioritization, awareness and education, prevention and monitoring, diagnosis and coordinated care, access to appropriate treatment, and diagnostic and treatment innovation. Although countries in this analysis all have some form of policy for IFI management, we have identified substantial gaps, including low prioritization of IFI diagnostics, omission of fungal pathogens from antimicrobial resistance policies, and a general lack of awareness and healthcare professional (HCP) training on IFI management. The gaps identified are intended to inform HCPs and policy- and decision-makers about aspects to consider in reducing the IFI burden for patients and health systems while demonstrating responsible antifungal stewardship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11020162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T03:29:53Z","timestamp":1739935793000},"page":"162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antifungal Policy and Practice Across Five Countries: A Qualitative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5626-2251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W.","family":"Denning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Fungal Infection Group, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8742-3676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John R.","family":"Perfect","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1596-9036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neda","family":"Milevska-Kostova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Patients for Patient Safety Observatory, Rue de Chantepoulet 10, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5753-5642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artes","family":"Haderi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles River Associates, London EC2M 7EA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9799-2927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles River Associates, London EC2M 7EA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten C.","family":"Hardenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles River Associates, London EC2M 7EA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc., New York, NY 10001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8608-0597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce","family":"Altevogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomerieux, 100 Rue Louis Pasteur, 69280 Marcy-l\u2019\u00c9toile, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc., New York, NY 10001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5184-1182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jalal A.","family":"Aram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melinta Therapeutics, Parsippany, NJ 07054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bongomin, F., Gago, S., Oladele, R.O., and Denning, D.W. 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