{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T22:28:09Z","timestamp":1789079289389,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004071","name":"Khon Kaen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP-KKU-FerVAAP-68"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP-KKU-FerVAAP-68"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation through Reinventing Universit","award":["RP-KKU-FerVAAP-68"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP-KKU-FerVAAP-68"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acetic acid, a common weak acid in industrial fermentation processes, occurs naturally in lignocellulosic hydrolysates and is a byproduct of microbial metabolism. As a significant environmental stressor, it triggers the expression of multiple genes involved in various cellular responses, including biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. Using the acid-tolerant strain Pichia kudriavzevii PkAC-9, developed through adaptive laboratory evolution under acetic acid stress, we conducted a transcriptional analysis of 70 stress response-associated genes. RT-qPCR analysis revealed significant upregulation of several genes compared with the wild-type strain under acetic acid stress conditions. The most dramatic changes occurred in genes encoding key metabolic enzymes and stress response proteins associated with the TCA cycle (Fum: 18.6-fold, Aco: 17.1-fold, Oxo: 9.0-fold), carbon and energy metabolism (Tdh2: 28.0-fold, Erg2: 2.0-fold), electron transport chain (Gst: 10.6-fold), molecular chaperones (Hsp104: 26.9-fold, Hsp70: 13.0-fold, Sgt2: 10.0-fold), and transcriptional activators. Our findings indicate that the enhanced acetic acid tolerance of P. kudriavzevii PkAC-9 primarily depends on the coordinated upregulation of genes involved in energy metabolism, cellular detoxification mechanisms, and protein quality control systems through heat shock and transcriptional activator proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11030177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T05:36:47Z","timestamp":1740375407000},"page":"177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Transcriptional Regulation Mechanisms in Adaptively Evolved Pichia kudriavzevii Under Acetic Acid Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sureeporn","family":"Dolpatcha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0220-2979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huynh Xuan","family":"Phong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Can Tho University, Can Tho 900000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudarat","family":"Thanonkeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1508-3411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Preekamol","family":"Klanrit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Fermentation Research Center for Value Added Agricultural Products (FerVAAPs), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nongluck","family":"Boonchot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Fermentation Research Center for Value Added Agricultural Products (FerVAAPs), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4354-7324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamoru","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0842-9760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornthap","family":"Thanonkeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Fermentation Research Center for Value Added Agricultural Products (FerVAAPs), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3580","article-title":"Enhanced biofuel production through coupled acetic acid and xylose consumption by engineered yeast","volume":"4","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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