{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:04:43Z","timestamp":1789707883274,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013885","name":"Ministry of Health Malaysia Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRR ID 18-962-41809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRR ID 18-962-41809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hospital buildings require special attention to protect patients and healthcare workers from hospital-acquired infections and sick building illnesses. This is the first study to assess the prevalence of fungus in indoor air, outdoor air, and their contamination on surfaces at selected locations in four highly contaminated hospitals (A, B, C, and D) in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 294 indoor air samples, 106 scrapped and 169 swabbed, were collected from July 2019 to August 2020. Bioaerosol concentrations were calculated using the colony-forming unit (CFU)\/m3. Molecular identification was performed on the cultures. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region in the rRNA gene of the isolates was amplified by PCR. Results showed that fungal burden was in the range between 18 and 2597 CFU\/m3. Fungal load in selected locations at Hospital D were in the higher range between 106 and 2597 CFU\/m3, with two locations exceeding the national guidelines. Fungal genera were highly identified in air samples (47) compared to swabbed (29) and scrapped (18) samples. The dominant species were C. halotolerans, C. tenuissimum, P. alfredii, P. brevicompactum, P. brocae, P. cataractarum, and A. aculeatus. Fungal loads were higher in the Orthopedic and Oral Surgeon Clinic, the On Call Emergency Room, wards, and pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11030182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T04:46:37Z","timestamp":1740545197000},"page":"182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fungi Assessment in Indoor and Outdoor Environment of Four Selected Hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nurul Izzah","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, No. 1, Jalan Setia Murni U13\/52, Seksyen U13, Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurul Farehah","family":"Shahrir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, No. 1, Jalan Setia Murni U13\/52, Seksyen U13, Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anis Syuhada","family":"Omar Hamdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, No. 1, Jalan Setia Murni U13\/52, Seksyen U13, Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Amalina","family":"Kamarudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, No. 1, Jalan Setia Murni U13\/52, Seksyen U13, Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noraishah","family":"Mohammad Sham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, No. 1, Jalan Setia Murni U13\/52, Seksyen U13, Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamilah","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Services Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Level 4-7, Block E3, Parcel E, Precinct 1, Federal Government Administration Centre, Putrajaya 62590, Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6767-6425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yin-Hui","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Poison Centre of Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Georgetown 11800, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ratna","family":"Mohd Tap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, No. 1, Jalan Setia Murni U13\/52, Seksyen U13, Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.107626","article-title":"Fungus and mycotoxins studies in hospital environment: A scoping review","volume":"193","author":"Sham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. 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