{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:57:49Z","timestamp":1760057869400,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI178010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI178010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Fund","award":["R01 AI178010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI178010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Because the apices of the lungs are most commonly involved in chronic cavitary histoplasmosis (CCPH), it has been assumed by many to have a pathogenesis which is similar to post-primary tuberculosis. Fungi such as Aspergillus may colonize pulmonary bullae. Although less common, colonization by Histoplasma capsulatum in a heavily endemic area is possible or even probable. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), apical bullae are characteristic. Since COPD is common and CCPH is rare, the pathogenesis of CCPH remains incompletely understood. What is presently known about the pathogenesis of CCPH has not changed appreciably since 1976. A cellblock from a patient with CCPH was analyzed with histochemical stains for T cells, B cells, plasma cells, and macrophages to better understand the pathogenesis of CCPH. The pathogenesis of cavitary disease in histoplasmosis has been assumed to resemble that of tuberculosis. However, liquefaction of a caseous focus in lung apices which resulted from blood-borne tubercle bacilli is distinctly unlike CCPH, as caseation is unusual. Rather, repeated colonization of the apical and other bullae by propagules (microconidium, macroconidium, hyphal fragment) of H. capsulatum in patients with COPD who have resided in heavily endemic areas appears to be the primary event in CCPH. Immunohistochemical enumeration of specific cell types in a patient with CCPH has not been previously carried out to our knowledge, but is only a first step in understanding the disease. In future studies, identification of the varieties of macrophages and cytokines in CCPH may reveal whether the process is pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, or both.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11030201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T03:18:22Z","timestamp":1741144702000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chronic Cavitary Pulmonary Histoplasmosis\u2013Novel Concepts Regarding Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"John F.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3595-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Saccente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6158-6461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George S.","family":"Deepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natasha M.","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wajih","family":"Askar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Banner University Medical Center, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5774-819X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00027-06","article-title":"Histoplasmosis: A clinical and laboratory update","volume":"20","author":"Kauffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. 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