{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T05:52:10Z","timestamp":1788328330220,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences","award":["PID2020-114546RB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-114546RB"]}]},{"name":"Gilead Sciences","award":["FPI PRE2021-099486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPI PRE2021-099486"]}]},{"name":"Gilead Sciences","award":["PIPF-2022\/SAL-GL-24953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIPF-2022\/SAL-GL-24953"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2020-114546RB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-114546RB"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["FPI PRE2021-099486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPI PRE2021-099486"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PIPF-2022\/SAL-GL-24953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIPF-2022\/SAL-GL-24953"]}]},{"name":"ministry for Science and Innovation","award":["PID2020-114546RB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-114546RB"]}]},{"name":"ministry for Science and Innovation","award":["FPI PRE2021-099486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPI PRE2021-099486"]}]},{"name":"ministry for Science and Innovation","award":["PIPF-2022\/SAL-GL-24953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIPF-2022\/SAL-GL-24953"]}]},{"name":"Autonomous Community of Madrid","award":["PID2020-114546RB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-114546RB"]}]},{"name":"Autonomous Community of Madrid","award":["FPI PRE2021-099486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPI PRE2021-099486"]}]},{"name":"Autonomous Community of Madrid","award":["PIPF-2022\/SAL-GL-24953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIPF-2022\/SAL-GL-24953"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of fluconazole-non-susceptible (FNS) Candida parapsilosis. The reasons why these strains are able to colonize hospitals remain unknown. It is also unclear whether these strains exhibit resistance to the disinfectants used in hospitals, facilitating their spread. For these reasons, in this work, we aimed to investigate whether fluconazole resistance was associated with virulence traits and the resistance of these strains to common hospital disinfectants. The general conclusion of the study was that more than 95% of the FNS strains, regardless of the resistance mutation they carried, had filamentation problems, whereas around 75% of the susceptible strains formed pseudohyphae and were capable of filamentation. This 95% of the FNS strains did not form pseudohyphae, did not invade agar, and did not form biofilms, while the susceptible strains exhibited the opposite behaviour. Through microfluidics experiments, we observed that both the susceptible and FNS strains were capable of adhering to a plastic surface under dynamic conditions, but the FNS strains formed unstable aggregates that did not remain attached to the surface, confirming the filamentation defect of these strains. In the second part of the study, we observed that FNS strains are susceptible to clinical disinfectants, although they presented a slight resistance to some of them, such as chlorhexidine, compared to susceptible isolates. In this work, we address important aspects to understand the dissemination of FNS strains in clinical outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11040299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T12:05:56Z","timestamp":1744200356000},"page":"299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Resistance to Azoles in Candida parapsilosis Isolates from Spain Is Associated with an Impairment in Filamentation and Biofilm Formation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alba","family":"Torres-Cano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"de Armentia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Rold\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8024-3595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"L\u00f3pez-Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Manosalva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Optical Microscopy Unit, Central Core Units, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"Merino-Amador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, University Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n para la Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Department of Medicine, Complutense University, School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Romo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, University Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n para la Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Department of Medicine, Complutense University, School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0722-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mireia","family":"Puig-Asensio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08097 Barcelona, Catalu\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Catalu\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC, CB21\/13\/00009), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0225-607X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Ardanuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Catalu\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Catalu\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Infectious Diseases in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES CB06\/06\/0037), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Mart\u00edn-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Catalu\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7762-7720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Romero-Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Catalu\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6426-6279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"P\u00e9rez-Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Research Institute from Hospital 12 de Octubre i + 12, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8047-3921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"L\u00f3pez-Lomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Parasitology Department, M\u00f3stoles University Hospital, 28935 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Dur\u00e1n-Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Parasitology Department, M\u00f3stoles University Hospital, 28935 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Algarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda P\u00eda","family":"Roiz-Mesones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39008 Santander, Cantabria, Spain"},{"name":"Valdecilla Research Instituto (Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Valdecilla, IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Cantabria, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Infectious Diseases CIBERINFEC (CB21\/13\/00068), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Lara-Plaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39008 Santander, Cantabria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4876-0896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maite","family":"Ru\u00edz P\u00e9rez de Pipa\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, Virgen del Roc\u00edo University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Andaluc\u00eda, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Infectious Diseases CIBERINFEC (CB21\/13\/00006), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Microbiology Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, HUVR\/CSIC\/Sevilla University, 41013 Seville, Andaluc\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregoria","family":"Meg\u00edas-Lob\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Burgos University Hospital, 09006 Burgos, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles","family":"Mantec\u00f3n-Vallejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Burgos University Hospital, 09006 Burgos, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Alc\u00e1zar-Fuoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Infectious Diseases CIBERINFEC (CB21\/13\/00105), 28029 Madrid, 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Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00961-8","article-title":"Candida parapsilosis complex in the clinical setting","volume":"22","author":"Govrins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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