{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:09:08Z","timestamp":1760058548262,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Research Grant on Allergic Disease and Immunology from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP22ek0410097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22ek0410097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A subgroup of patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) exhibits elevated serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, similar to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify the underlying pathophysiology of the CPA subgroup with high serum total IgE levels. In this study, we prospectively collected CPA cases treated at our hospital between January and July 2022 and measured serum cytokine levels along with clinical data. We compared 34 healthy controls (HCs) and 51 patients with CPA and found significantly elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and tissue repair and destruction-related cytokines in CPA. Among the 51 patients with CPA, 10 had total IgE levels of &gt;500 IU\/mL, whereas the remaining 41 did not. The IgE-high group exhibited significantly increased eosinophil counts and elevated levels of type 2 cytokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Based on these findings, patients with CPA exhibited an enhanced inflammatory response in terms of cytokines compared with HCs. In particular, the CPA subgroup with high total IgE levels may have an underlying enhancement of type 2 inflammation. Our study provides insights into the potential novel pathomechanisms of CPA and may contribute to the development of new treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11040303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T10:47:41Z","timestamp":1744282061000},"page":"303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum Type 2 Cytokine Levels Are Elevated in a Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis Subgroup with High Serum Total Immunoglobulin E Level"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3012-826X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shizuka","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Diseases, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2265-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maho","family":"Suzukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan"},{"name":"Asthma, Allergy and Rheumatology Center, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6096-9865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taku","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Diseases, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Enomoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Diseases, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2935-5553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keita","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Diseases, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Kusaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Diseases, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Kawashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Diseases, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7423-9095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiteru","family":"Morio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Diseases, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8648-2191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsuhisa","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Diseases, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideaki","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Diseases, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Diseases, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirotoshi","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Diseases, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400803","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00803-2024","article-title":"Fungal lung disease","volume":"64","author":"Jaggi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. 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