{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T06:31:35Z","timestamp":1792477895129,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI148336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI148336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease affecting humans and other mammals caused by environmental pathogens of the genus Coccidioides. Human exposure to the pathogen occurs via inhalation of spores aerosolized from soil. Thus, understanding the ecological factors that shape the distribution of Coccidioides in soils is important for minimizing the risk of human exposure, though this task remains challenging due to the pathogen\u2019s highly variable spatial distribution. Here, we examined the associations between the soil microbial community and Coccidioides\u00a0immitis\u2019 presence within the Carrizo Plain National Monument, a minimally disturbed grassland ecosystem, and the site of a longitudinal study examining the effects of rodents and their burrows on C. immitis\u2019 presence in soils. Using internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and 16S amplicon sequencing to characterize the soil fungal and bacterial communities, we found over 30 fungal species, including several other members of the Onygenales order, that co-occurred with C. immitis more frequently than would be expected by chance. Coccidioides-positive samples were significantly higher in fungal and bacterial diversity than negative samples, an association partly driven by higher Coccidioides presence within rodent burrows compared to surface soils. Soil source (i.e., rodent burrow versus surface soil) explained the largest amount of variation in bacterial and fungal community diversity and composition, with soils collected from rodent burrows having higher fungal and bacterial diversity than those collected from adjacent surface soils. While prior evidence is mixed regarding the relationship between the presence of Coccidioides and microbial diversity, we find that favorable microhabitats, such as rodent burrows, lead to a positive association between soil microbial diversity and Coccidioides presence, particularly in otherwise resource-limited natural environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11040309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T04:42:07Z","timestamp":1744605727000},"page":"309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Characterizing the Soil Microbial Community Associated with the Fungal Pathogen Coccidioides immitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Molly","family":"Radosevich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1449-4171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Head","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Global Change Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Couper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3787-170X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Camponuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliam","family":"Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Remais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00005-13","article-title":"Recent Advances in Our Understanding of the Environmental, Epidemiological, Immunological, and Clinical Dimensions of Coccidioidomycosis","volume":"26","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. 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