{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T15:53:27Z","timestamp":1784735607372,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences","award":["13534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13534"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Trichophyton indotineae terbinafine-resistant infections are emerging in healthy individuals. Luliconazole, an imidazole antifungal that is effective against skin infections, faces challenges due to low water solubility and poor skin penetration. This study aimed to formulate a luliconazole-loaded nanostructured lipid-carrier (NLC) gel in a Carbopol-based system to enhance drug absorption and efficacy in a guinea pig model of dermatophytosis. Methods: Luliconazole-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were prepared using a solvent evaporation method and gel formulation. Skin absorption and retention were assessed via Franz diffusion cells. The antifungal efficacy was tested against T. indotineae in thirty guinea pigs with induced tinea corporis, divided into five treatment groups. Mycological, clinical, and histopathological evaluations were conducted, along with skin irritation studies for safety. Results: LCZ-NLC demonstrated significantly better skin penetration than simple luliconazole gel, with cumulative drug penetration of 71.8 \u00b1 3.7 \u03bcg\/cm2 versus 50.9 \u00b1 4.2 \u03bcg\/cm2 after 24 h. Both formulations achieved complete infection resolution after 21 and 28 days, with reduced inflammation and no local irritations. On day 21, the LCZ-NLC 1% gel significantly reduced lesion scores and mycological evidence of infection compared to the terbinafine-treated groups, untreated controls, and NLC-gel-treated group (p &lt; 0.05). Histopathological analysis indicated a reduction in both epidermal thickening and fungal burden in the models that received treatment with the LCZ-NLC 1% gel. Conclusions: Luliconazole-loaded lipid carriers enhance drug absorption and efficacy, suggesting shorter treatment durations and improved patient outcomes for resistant fungal infections. However, further studies are warranted to correlate these findings with clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11040324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T20:24:16Z","timestamp":1745180656000},"page":"324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antifungal Efficacy of Luliconazole-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid-Carrier Gel in an Animal Model of Dermatophytosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8715-0276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robab","family":"Ebrahimi Barogh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"},{"name":"Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil 56189-53141, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyyed Mobin","family":"Rahimnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Haemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2960-7485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Nosratabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan 76169-16338, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Maleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"},{"name":"Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Khosravi Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"},{"name":"Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Yahyazade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"},{"name":"Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Haghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedram","family":"Ebrahimnejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Haemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2617-9961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Saeedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Haemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darius","family":"Armstrong-James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0016-2849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Abastabar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6010-8414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Badali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-008-9100-9","article-title":"Updates on the epidemiology of dermatophyte infections","volume":"166","author":"Seebacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2008.01606.x","article-title":"Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide","volume":"51","author":"Havlickova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, J.H., Doh, J.Y., Han, K., Kim, Y.H., Han, J.H., Bang, C.H., Park, Y.M., and Lee, J.H. 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