{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:56:26Z","timestamp":1789509386017,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an opportunistic mycosis that affects women of reproductive age. The most frequent etiological agent is Candida albicans. The development of VVC depends on factors related to the host and the fungus. Among the factors related to Candida spp. are virulence factors, but genotype may also be involved. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ABC genotypes and extracellular hydrolytic enzyme production in C. albicans isolates obtained from Mexican women with vulvovaginitis to determine if there is a correlation between these characteristics that allows the fungus to invade and cause damage to the host. Forty-three yeast isolates were obtained from vaginal exudates from women with symptoms of infection. The isolates were identified by germ tube tests and by Cand PCR. The ABC genotype of the isolates identified as C. albicans was determined through the isolates\u2019 DNA amplification using the oligonucleotides CA-INT-R and CA-INT-L. The activity of esterase, phospholipase, proteinase, and hemolysin was evaluated in specific culture media. The correlation between extracellular enzyme production and genotype was analyzed using a two-way ANOVA and the Sidak comparison test. A total of 57.5% of the yeast isolates were identified as C. albicans. The genotypes identified were A (82.6%) and B (17.4%). The activity of esterase, phospholipase, proteinase, and hemolysin was very strong. No statistically significant difference was found between enzyme production and genotypes. In conclusion, genotype A predominates among C. albicans vaginal isolates. The production of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes was widely expressed in C. albicans vaginal isolates, but no correlation with genotype was found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11050354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T07:44:23Z","timestamp":1746171863000},"page":"354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Candida albicans Isolates from Mexican Women with Vulvovaginitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hugo","family":"D\u00edaz-Huerta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Maestr\u00eda en Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico CP 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Unidad de Calidad y Riesgo Biol\u00f3gico, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Servicios de Salud del Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social para el Bienestar (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Carretera Federal M\u00e9xico-Puebla Km 34.5, Estado de M\u00e9xico CP 56530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Micolog\u00eda Molecular, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica. Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Servicios de Salud del Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social para el Bienestar (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Carretera Federal M\u00e9xico-Puebla Km 34.5, Estado de M\u00e9xico CP 56530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X\u00f3chitl","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Maga\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Ginecolog\u00eda y Obstetricia, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social para el Bienestar (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Carretera Federal M\u00e9xico-Puebla Km 34.5, Estado de M\u00e9xico CP 56530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7298-158X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico CP 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5210-5395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Pinto-Almaz\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico CP 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Betancourt-Cisneros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Micolog\u00eda Molecular, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica. Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Servicios de Salud del Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social para el Bienestar (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Carretera Federal M\u00e9xico-Puebla Km 34.5, Estado de M\u00e9xico CP 56530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6315-7860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esperanza","family":"Duarte-Escalante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico CP 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3866-9995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda del Roc\u00edo","family":"Reyes-Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico CP 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5656-0942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rigberto","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology of Pathogen Agents, Hospital Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez, Calz. de Tlalpan 4800, Belisario Dom\u00ednguez Secc 16, Alcald\u00eda Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico CP 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3160-8698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Guadalupe","family":"Fr\u00edas-De-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Micolog\u00eda Molecular, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica. Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Servicios de Salud del Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social para el Bienestar (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Carretera Federal M\u00e9xico-Puebla Km 34.5, Estado de M\u00e9xico CP 56530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00076-09","article-title":"Candida infections of the genitourinary tract","volume":"23","author":"Achkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"0815","article-title":"Candidiasis (vulvovaginal)","volume":"2015","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Evid."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yano, J., Sobel, J.D., Nyirjesy, P., Sobel, R., Williams, V.L., Yu, Q., Noverr, M.C., and Fidel, P.L. (2019). Current patient perspectives of vulvovaginal candidiasis: Incidence, symptoms, management and post-treatment outcomes. BMC Women\u2019s Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-019-0748-8"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30103-8","article-title":"Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Denning","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caetano, C.F., Gaspar, C., Oliveira, A.S., Palmeira-de-Oliveira, R., Rodrigues, L., Gon\u00e7alves, T., Martinez-de-Oliveira, J., Palmeira-de-Oliveira, A., and Rolo, J. (2023). Study of ecological relationship of yeast species with Candida albicans in the context of vulvovaginal infections. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102398"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czechowicz, P., Nowicka, J., and Go\u015bciniak, G. (2022). Virulence factors of Candida spp. and host immune response important in the pathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115895"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2016.01.005","article-title":"Susceptibility and molecular characterization of Candida species from patients with vulvovaginitis","volume":"47","author":"Fornari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12132","article-title":"Molecular methods for strain typing of Candida albicans: A review","volume":"114","author":"Saghrouni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"546","article-title":"Genetic diversity of the Hwp1 gene and HIS3, EF3, CDC3 microsatellites and antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida albicans isolates from Yaound\u00e9 HIV-infected patients","volume":"55","author":"Ngouana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.11.030","article-title":"Molecular typing and genetic relatedness of 72 clinical Candida albicans isolates from poultry","volume":"214","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23826","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23826","article-title":"Genotyping, antifungal susceptibility, enzymatic activity, and phenotypic variation in Candida albicans from esophageal candidiasis","volume":"35","author":"Jafarian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.32598\/CMM.2023.1364","article-title":"Genotyping of Candida albicans isolates obtained from vulvovaginal candidiasis patients in Zanjan, Iran, based on ABC and RPS typing systems","volume":"8","author":"Amanloo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24117","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24117","article-title":"ABC typing and extracellular enzyme production of Candida albicans isolated from Candida vulvovaginitis","volume":"36","author":"Gharaghani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S344998","article-title":"Candida albicans genotyping and relationship of virulence factors with fluconazole tolerance in infected pediatric patients","volume":"15","author":"Mashaly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13985","article-title":"Isolation, identification and genotyping of Candida albicans from Landes geese","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24888","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24888","article-title":"Phenotypes characterization and ABC genotypes distribution of clinical Candida albicans isolates","volume":"37","author":"Mahmoodi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owotade, F.J., Gulube, Z., and Patel, M. (2024). Oral Candida albicans strain diversity and maintenance in HIV positive women in South Africa. Arch. Oral. Biol., 164.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2024.106007"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"12","article-title":"Genotyping of Candida albicans isolated from animals using 25S ribosomal DNA and ALT repeats polymorphism in repetitive sequence","volume":"4","author":"Dalvand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.3397","article-title":"Virulence and antifungal susceptibility of microsatellite genotypes of Candida albicans from superficial and deep locations","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3821","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01168-09","article-title":"Efficient diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis by use of a new rapid immunochromatography test","volume":"47","author":"Pilon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"212","article-title":"Rapid identification of Candida albicans by filamentation on serum and serum substitutes","volume":"99","author":"Taschdjian","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2144\/000113672","article-title":"Extraction of genomic DNA from yeasts for PCR-based applications","volume":"50","author":"Kristjuhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Salazar, E., Acosta-Altamirano, G., Betancourt-Cisneros, P., Reyes-Montes, M.R., Rosas-De-Paz, E., Duarte-Escalante, E., S\u00e1nchez-Conejo, A.R., Ocharan Hern\u00e1ndez, E., and Fr\u00edas-De-Le\u00f3n, M.G. (2022). Detection and molecular identification of eight Candida species in clinical samples by simplex PCR. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020374"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maheronnaghsh, M., Fatahinia, M., Dehghan, P., Zarei Mahmoudabadi, A., and Kheirkhah, M. (2019). Comparison of virulence factors of different Candida Species isolated from the oral cavity of cancer patients and normal individuals. Jundishapur J. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.91556"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erum, R., Samad, F., Khan, A., and Kazmi, S.U. (2020). A comparative study on production of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes of Candida species isolated from patients with surgical site infection and from healthy individuals and their co-relation with antifungal drug resistance. BMC Microbiol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-02045-6"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2023.1376","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, trichomonal vaginitis and aerobic vaginitis in women from Egypt","volume":"13","author":"Rezk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satora, M., Grunwald, A., Zaremba, B., Frankowska, K., \u017bak, K., Tarkowski, R., and Ku\u0142ak, K. (2023). Treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis-an overview of guidelines and the latest treatment methods. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165376"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3122\/15572625-13-3-178","article-title":"Impact of vaginal antifungal products on utilization of health care services: Evidence from physician visits","volume":"13","author":"Lipsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Board. Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2014.882843","article-title":"Direct medical costs of complications of diabetes in the United States: Estimates for event-year and annual state costs (USD 2012)","volume":"17","author":"Ward","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Econ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deorukhkar, S.C. (2017). Virulence traits contributing to pathogenicity of Candida species. J. Microbiol. Exp., 5.","DOI":"10.15406\/jmen.2017.05.00140"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2016.01.002","article-title":"Candida albicans biofilms: Development, regulation, and molecular mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Gulati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203720666190722152415","article-title":"Virulence factors in Candida species","volume":"21","author":"Staniszewska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva-Rocha, W.P., de Brito Lemos, V.L., Ferreira, M.R., Soares, L.A., Svidzisnki, T.I., Milan, E.P., and Chaves, G.M. (2015). Effect of the crude extract of Eugenia uniflora in morphogenesis and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes in Candida albicans from the oral cavity of kidney transplant recipients. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0522-x"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2015.1091805","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors","volume":"42","author":"Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makanjuola, O., Bongomin, F., and Fayemiwo, S.A. (2018). An update on the roles of non-albicans Candida species in vulvovaginitis. J. Fungi, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4040121"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s43994-023-00049-2","article-title":"Candida diagnostic techniques: A review","volume":"9","author":"Arafa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Umm. Al-Qura Univ. Appll. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.04.105","article-title":"Identification of Candida species in vaginal flora using conventional and molecular methods","volume":"27","author":"Ameen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.16.3.69","article-title":"Genotyping of Candida albicans and comparison of its antifungal resistance pattern in the South Indian region","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2004.01022.x","article-title":"Genotype distribution of Candida albicans isolates by 25S intron analysis with regard to invasiveness","volume":"47","author":"Karahan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"831","article-title":"Repetitive sequences based on genotyping of Candida albicans isolates obtained from Iranian patients with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"17","author":"Tamai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13755","article-title":"Genotypes analysis of Candida albicans species complex from healthy individual saliva in Ahvaz, Iran","volume":"75","author":"Kianifar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa090","article-title":"Association between CAI microsatellite, multilocus sequence typing, and clinical significance within Candida albicans isolates","volume":"59","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47303-0","article-title":"Phospholipase, proteinase and haemolytic activities of Candida albicans isolated from oral cavities of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"56","author":"Tsang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.6247","article-title":"Hemoglobin is utilized by Candida albicans in the hyphal form but not yeast form","volume":"232","author":"Tanaka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.009","article-title":"Comparison of enzymatic activities in different Candida species isolated from women with vulvovaginitis","volume":"27","author":"Fatahinia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.8.2936-2940.1996","article-title":"Induction of an extracellular esterase from Candida albicans and some of its properties","volume":"64","author":"Tsuboi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bras, G., Satala, D., Juszczak, M., Kulig, K., Wronowska, E., Bednarek, A., Zawrotniak, M., Rapala-Kozik, M., and Karkowska-Kuleta, J. (2024). Proteinasas asp\u00e1rticas secretadas: Factores clave en las infecciones por Candida y las interacciones hu\u00e9sped-pat\u00f3geno. Int. J. Molecular Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094775"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-024-00274-y","article-title":"An update on the pathogenesis and ethnopharmacological therapeutic approaches of vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"21","author":"Chauhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Wheeler, D., Truglio, M., Lazzarini, C., Upritchard, J., McKinney, W., Rogers, K., Prigitano, A., Tortorano, A.M., and Cannon, R.D. (2018). Multi-locus next-generation sequence typing of DNA extracted from pooled colonies detects multiple unrelated Candida albicans strains in a significant proportion of patient samples. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01179"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colabella, C., Casagrande Pierantoni, D., Corte, L., Roscini, L., Conti, A., Bassetti, M., Tascini, C., Robert, V., and Cardinali, G. (2021). Single strain high-depth NGS reveals high rDNA (ITS-LSU) variability in the four prevalent pathogenic species of the genus Candida. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020302"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/11\/5\/354\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:26:26Z","timestamp":1760030786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/11\/5\/354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jof11050354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof11050354","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]}}}