{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:38:26Z","timestamp":1789151906990,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Santafesina de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (ASaCTeI)","award":["SF DTT-2022-057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SF DTT-2022-057"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trichoderma spp. produce diverse secondary metabolites with biological activity. This study explored the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of metabolites from two native Trichoderma strains, 10BR1 and UEPA AR12, isolated from rhizospheric soils. Organic extracts from both strains demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, inhibiting Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as various Candida species, with notable efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus (MICs: 15.6\u201331.25 \u00b5g\/mL). The extracts also showed antibiofilm activity, with UEPA AR12 exhibiting the highest inhibition against Escherichia coli (81.8%), Enterococcus faecalis (92.8%), Candida albicans (87.9%), and Candida parapsilosis (89.3%). Antioxidant activity, assessed via DPPH assay, revealed a dose-dependent radical scavenging effect (12.88% to 39.67% at 7.8\u20131000 \u00b5g\/mL). Cytotoxicity assays indicated that UEPA AR12 extracts were more cytotoxic (IC50: 202.5\u2013234.3 \u00b5g\/mL) than 10BR1 (IC50: 368.7\u2013602.1 \u00b5g\/mL) in non-tumor cells, with similar trends in tumor cells (Huh7). HPLC\/MS analysis identified 21 metabolites in the extracts. Genomic analyses, supported by rpb2 gene and phylogenetic clustering, confirmed that both strains were T. afroharzianum. FUNGISMASH revealed multiple biosynthetic gene clusters, predominantly Type I polyketide synthase (T1PKS). Additionally, targeted genomic analyses did not detect mycotoxin-related genes. These findings highlight the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant potentials of these strains, positioning them as sources of bioactive metabolites for pharmaceutical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11060457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T03:37:07Z","timestamp":1750131427000},"page":"457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Exploring the Bioactive Secondary Metabolites of Two Argentine Trichoderma afroharzianum Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2313-5552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Jos\u00e9 Nunes","family":"Calumby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios Fotosint\u00e9ticos y Bioqu\u00edmicos (CEFOBI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Santa Fe, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Santone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios Fotosint\u00e9ticos y Bioqu\u00edmicos (CEFOBI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Santa Fe, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7248-5357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Butassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioqu\u00edmicas y Farmac\u00e9uticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Santa Fe, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1023-1641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Andrea","family":"Svetaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioqu\u00edmicas y Farmac\u00e9uticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Santa Fe, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1335-8808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcia de Souza Carvalho","family":"Melhem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas e Parasit\u00e1rias, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica-LIM53, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Doen\u00e7as Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista\u2014UNESP, Campus Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo 01049-010, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5300-429X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n Pablo","family":"Rius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios Fotosint\u00e9ticos y Bioqu\u00edmicos (CEFOBI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Santa Fe, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0135-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria Alina","family":"Campos-Bermudez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios Fotosint\u00e9ticos y Bioqu\u00edmicos (CEFOBI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Santa Fe, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200224105153","article-title":"Bacterial resistance: Antibiotics of last generation used in clinical practice and the arise of natural products as new therapeutic alternatives","volume":"26","author":"Heleno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. 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