{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:56:34Z","timestamp":1785308194779,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Genetic Research Center of the National University of Honduras"},{"name":"DICIHT-UNAH"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive fungal infections (IFIs), primarily caused by Candida species, represent a significant global public health concern due to their high mortality rates and growing antifungal resistance. In Honduras, data on their epidemiology remains scarce. This study aimed to characterize Candida species associated with candidemia and assess key virulence factors. A total of 80 clinical isolates were collected from four hospitals in Honduras\u2019s major cities, Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula. Identification was performed using both phenotypic and molecular methods. Hemolytic activity, phospholipase and protease production, and biofilm formation were evaluated. C. albicans and C. tropicalis were the most prevalent species (30% each), followed by C. parapsilosis (27.5%). Phenotypic methods misidentified 13.8% of the isolates. Most strains (96.3%) exhibited strong hemolytic activity. C. albicans showed the highest phospholipase activity, while C. tropicalis was the most robust film producer. These findings highlight an evolving epidemiological landscape characterized by an increasing prevalence of non-albicans Candida species, often less susceptible to antifungal agents, and diverse virulence profiles such as strong biofilm formation. This underscores the clinical need for accurate species-level identification through molecular diagnostics and ongoing surveillance to guide targeted antifungal therapy and enable early, locally adapted interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11070470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T13:13:04Z","timestamp":1750425184000},"page":"470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Virulence Factors and Molecular Identification of Candida Species Causing Candidemia in Honduras"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Fernando","family":"Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8328-244X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roque","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Vigilancia, Secretar\u00eda de Salud de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Vigilancia, Secretar\u00eda de Salud de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, 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Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9237-858X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4493-8685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel G.","family":"Ballesteros-Monrreal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Campus Caborca, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto Hondure\u00f1o de Seguridad Social, San Pedro Sula 21101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0205-3344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Gen\u00e9tica, Escuela de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6875-7507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asly Villeda","family":"Barahona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, 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