{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:02:27Z","timestamp":1791000147597,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/15407-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/15407-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of immune cells that play a central role in regulating host immune responses during fungal infections. Their recruitment is mediated by pathogen recognition receptors, particularly Dectin-1 and CARD9 signaling, which promote the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and IL-1\u03b2. Once activated, MDSCs suppress T-cell and natural killer cell functions through immunosuppressive cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2, as well as enzymes such as arginase-1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1). This review explores the role of MDSCs in fungal infections caused by Candida spp., Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Aspergillus spp., and Cryptococcus neoformans, emphasizing their impact on immune modulation and disease progression. The emerging evidence suggests that fungal bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides, can influence MDSC activity and restore immune balance. Notably, therapies targeting MDSCs have demonstrated promise in both fungal infections. In particular, infections with P. brasiliensis and C. neoformans show improved T-cell responses following MDSC-targeted interventions. Additionally, polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa and exposure to Aspergillus sydowii affect MDSC behavior, supporting the potential of modulating these cells therapeutically. Together, these findings highlight the relevance of MDSCs in fungal pathogenesis and underscore their potential as targets for immunotherapeutic strategies in infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11070496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T13:06:17Z","timestamp":1751288777000},"page":"496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Immunoregulation in Fungal Infections: A Review and Update on the Critical Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2731-0653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9ria de Lima","family":"Kaminski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, Benedito Matarazzo Avenue, 6070, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12230-002, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Luiza Oliveira","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, Benedito Matarazzo Avenue, 6070, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12230-002, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kauan Gon\u00e7alves","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, Benedito Matarazzo Avenue, 6070, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12230-002, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephani Leonelo","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, Benedito Matarazzo Avenue, 6070, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12230-002, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego Vin\u00edcius Alves","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, Benedito Matarazzo Avenue, 6070, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12230-002, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4766-0607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe Nogueira","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Talim Street, 330, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12231-280, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9996-0105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nycolas Willian","family":"Preite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Talim Street, 330, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12231-280, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7711-4063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1vio Vieira","family":"Loures","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Talim Street, 330, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12231-280, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200212000-00003","article-title":"Recent trends in the epidemiology of invasive mycoses","volume":"15","author":"Clark","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. 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